Some of the most common radionuclides, with half-lives of greater than one day, from the main sources of radioactivity to the environment (adapted from Kennedy et al 1988)

Element

Radionuclide

Source of radioactivity

 

 

 

Primordial or natural origin

Fallout from nuclear weapon tests

Low level liquid discharges and emissions to atmosphere from nuclear reprocessing plants

Low level liquid discharges and emissions to atmosphere from nuclear power stations

Medical and scientific research

Additional radionuclides likely to be emitted from a nuclear power station or reprocessing plant in the event of uncontrolled explosion or fire

Hydrogen

3H

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

Beryllium

7Be

Yes

 

 

 

 

 

Carbon

14C

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

Phosphorus

32K

 

 

 

Yes

Yes

 

Sulphur

35S

 

 

 

Yes

Yes

 

Potassium

40K

Yes

 

 

 

 

 

Calcium

45Ca

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

Chromium

51Cr

 

 

 

Yes

Yes

 

Manganese

54Mn

 

Yes

 

Yes

 

 

Iron

55Fe

 

Yes

 

Yes

 

 

 

59Fe

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

Cobalt

58Co

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

 

60Co

 

Yes

 

Yes

Yes

 

Nickel

63Ni

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

Zinc

65Zn

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

Arsenic

76As

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

Krypton

85Kr

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

 

Yes

Strontium

89Sr

 

Yes

 

Yes

 

 

 

90Sr

 

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

 

Yttrium

91Y

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

Zirconium

95Zr

 

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

 

Niobium

95Nb

 

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

 

Technetium

95Tc

 

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

99Tc

 

Yes

Yes

 

 

Yes

Ruthenium

103Ru

 

Yes

 

 

 

Yes

 

106Ru

 

Yes

 

 

 

Yes

Silver

110mAg

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

Antimony

124Sb

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

 

125Sb

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

Tellurium

125mTe

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

 

132Te

 

 

 

 

 

Yes

Iodine

129I

Yes

 

Yes

Yes

 

 

 

131I

 

Yes

 

Yes

Yes

 

Xenon

131mXe

 

 

 

 

 

Yes

 

133Xe

 

 

 

 

 

Yes

Caesium

134Cs

 

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

 

136Cs

 

Yes

 

 

 

 

 

137Cs

 

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

Barium

140Ba

 

Yes

 

 

 

 

Lanthanum

140La

 

Yes

 

 

 

Yes

Cerium

141Ce

 

Yes

 

 

 

Yes

 

144Ce

 

Yes

Yes

 

 

Yes

Promethium

147Pm

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

Neodymium

147Nd

 

Yes

 

 

 

Yes

Europium

154Eu

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

 

155Eu

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

Thorium

232Th

Yes

 

 

 

 

 

Uranium

235U

Yes

 

 

 

 

 

 

238U

Yes

 

 

 

 

 

Neptunium

237Np

 

Yes

Yes

 

 

Yes

Plutonium

238Pu

 

Yes

Yes

 

 

Yes

 

239Pu

 

Yes

Yes

 

 

Yes

 

240Pu

 

Yes

Yes

 

 

Yes

 

241Pu

 

Yes

Yes

 

 

Yes

 

242Pu

 

 

Yes

 

 

 

Americium

241Am

 

Yes

Yes

 

 

Yes

Curium

242Cm

 

 

Yes

 

 

Yes

 

243Cm

 

 

Yes

 

 

Yes

 

244Cm

 

 

Yes

 

 

Yes

References