Table - Hazard assessment of identified toxic substances in relation to European marine sites

Hazard assessment of identified toxic substances in relation to European marine sites

Substance	Sources		Fate and Behaviour	Persistence		Effects on biota
Substance	Point	Diffuse	Partitioning to air, water and sediments	Water	Sediments	Bioaccumulation	Toxicity
Ammonia	Sewage discharges	Agricultural run-off	Found dissolved in water column	Variable. Longer in estuaries		Does not bioaccumulate	Invertebrates: very toxic Fish: very toxic
Mercury	Industrial discharges	Sediments	Can be found in dissolved in water column or associated with sediments	Variable	High	Inorganic mercury: likely to bioaccumulate Organic mercury: likely to bioaccumulate significantly	Macrophytes: very toxic Invertebrates: very toxic Fish: very toxic
Cadmium	Industrial discharges Mine drainage water	Atmospheric deposition	Can be found in dissolved in water column or associated with sediments	Variable	High	Likely to bioaccumulate significantly	Crustacea: very toxic Fish: very toxic
Lead	Industrial discharges Sewage discharges	Atmospheric deposition	Likely to be associated with sediments	Variable	High	Likely to bioaccumulate	Algae: very toxic Invertebrates: very toxic Fish: very toxic
Chromium	Industrial discharges	Atmospheric deposition Natural catchment runoff	Likely to be associated with sediments	Variable	High		Invertebrates: toxic Fish: toxic
Zinc	Sewage discharges Industrial discharges Waste disposal	Atmospheric deposition	Likely to be associated with sediments	Variable	High	Likely to bioaccumulate	Algae: very toxic Invertebrates: very toxic Fish: very toxic
Copper	Sewage discharges Industrial discharges Waste disposal	Atmospheric deposition Natural catchment runoff	Likely to be associated with sediments. Can be present in complexes in the water column	Variable	High	Likely to bioaccumulate	Invertebrates: very toxic Fish: very toxic
Nickel	Sewage discharges Industrial discharges Waste disposal	Atmospheric deposition Natural catchment runoff	Likely to be associated with sediments. Can be present in complexes in the water column.	Variable	High	Not likely to bioaccumulate	Algae: very toxic Invertebrates: very toxic Fish: very toxic
Arsenic	Industrial discharges	Sediments	Likely to be associated with sediments	Variable	High	Not likely to bioaccumulate	Algae: very toxic Invertebrates: very toxic Fish: very toxic
Vanadium	Industrial discharges of coal wastes	Atmospheric deposition	Likely to be associated with sediments	Variable	High	Not likely to bioaccumulate	Invertebrates: unlikely to be toxic
Boron	Sewage discharges Industrial discharges		Likely to be associated with sediments	Variable	High	Not likely to bioaccumulate	Invertebrates: unlikely to be toxic
Iron	Sewage discharges Industrial discharges Mining discharges and wastes	Atmospheric deposition	Likely to be associated with sediments	Variable	High	Not likely to bioacumulate	Invertebrates: unlikely to be toxic

Atrazine	Sewage discharges	Agricultural run-off	Likely to be dissolved in water but can be associated with sediments	Low to moderate	Moderate	Not expected to bioaccumulate	Algae: very toxic Macrophytes: very toxic Crustacea: very toxic Others: moderate to low toxicityNo data for sediment dwelling organisms
Simazine	Sewage discharges	Agricultural run-off	Likely to be dissolved in water but can be associated with sediments	Low to moderate	Moderate	Not expected to bioaccumulate	Algae: very toxic Macrophytes: very toxic Others: moderate to low toxicity No data for sediment dwelling organisms
Diuron		Urban run-off	Likely to be dissolved in water	Moderate		Not expected to bioaccumulate	Algae and macrophytes: likely to be very toxic. No data for sediment dwelling organisms
Linuron		Agricultural run-off	Likely to be dissolved in water	Moderate		Not expected to bioaccumulate	Algae: likely to be very toxic Macrophytes: likely to be very toxic No data for sediment dwelling organisms
Trifluralin		Agricultral run-off	Likely to be associated with sediment	Low	Moderate to high	Likely to bioaccumulate significantly	Crustacea:very toxic Molluscs: very toxic Fish: very toxic No data for sediment dwelling organisms
Bentazone		Agricultural run-off	Likely to be dissolved in water	Low		Not expected to bioaccumulate	Algae: low toxicity Macrophytes: low toxicity Others: low toxicity No information for sediment dwelling organisms
Lindane	Industrial discharges	Agricultural run-off	Likely to be dissolved in water with some association with sediments	Low to high	Low to high	Likely to bioaccumulate significantly	Invertebrates: very toxic Fish: very toxic
Endosulphan		Agricultural run-off	Likely to be associated with sediments	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Potential to bioaccumulate (particularly in fish)	Algae: toxic Molluscs: toxic Crustacea: very toxic Sediment dwelling animals: toxic
Synthetic pythrethroids	Fish farming installations	Agricultural run-off	Likely to be associated with sediments	Low	Moderate to high	Potential to bioaccumulate but not expected to due to rapid metabolism	Insects:very toxic Crustacea:very toxic Fish: very toxic
Azinphos-methyl		Agricultural run-off	Likely to be associated with sediments	Low	Moderate to high	Potential to bioaccumulate	Crustacea: very toxic Fish: very toxic
Malathion	Industrial discharges	Agricultural run-off Atmospheric deposition	Likely to be associated with sediments	Low	Moderate to high	Potential to bioaccumulate but not expected to due to rapid metabolism	Insects: very toxic Crustacea: very toxic Fish: very toxic
Fenitrothion		Agricultural run-off	Likely to be associated with sediments	Low	Moderate to high	Potential to bioaccumulate	Crustacea: very toxic Fish: toxic
Dimethoate	Sewage discharges	Agricultural run-off	Likely to be dissolved in the water column	Moderate		Not expected to bioaccumulate	Algae: very toxic Crustacea: very toxic
Ivermectin	Fish-farming installations	Agricultural run-off	Likely to be associated with sediments	Low	Low to moderate	Potential to bioaccumulate though large molecule size may prevent this	Crustacea: very toxic Sediment dwelling animals: toxic
Dichlorvos	Fish-farming installations Industrial discharges	Agricultural run-off	Likely to remain in water column	Low		Not likely to bioaccumulate	Algae: unlikely to be toxic Crustacea: very toxic Fish: very toxic
Mothproofing chemicals - PCSDs Cyfluthrin Sulcofuron Flucofuron Permethrin	Industrial discharges Sewage discharges		Not known	Not known		Likely to bioaccumulate significantly	Invertebrates: very toxic Fish: very toxic
Antifoulants - TBT	Marinas Boatyards Discharges of timber treatment chemicals Fish-farming installations	Leaching from vessels and fish farm installations	Likely to be associated with sediments		High	Potential to bioaccumulate significantly	Algae: very toxic Invertebrates: very toxic Fish: very toxic Sediment dwelling organisms: very toxic
Biocides used in cooling water disinfection - Chlorine Bromine	Power station discharges		Likely to be in the water column	Low to moderate		Not expected to bioaccumulate	Unlikely to be toxic to marine organisms
Benzene	Sewage discharges Industrial effluent discharges	Atmospheric deposition Urban run-off	Likely to be lost to the atmosphere	Low to moderate		Potential to bioaccumulate	Fish: moderately toxic Others: expected to be of low toxicity No data for sediment dwelling organsms

Biphenyl	Sewage discharges (?) Industrial effluent dischargesLandfill leachate		Likely to be lost to the atmosphere	Low	Moderate	Low to moderate potential to bioaccumulate	Invertebrates: moderately toxic Fish: moderately toxic Others: low toxicity expected No data for sediment dwelling organisms
4-chloro-3-methyl phenol	Industrial effluent discharges		Likely to dissolved in water	Low to moderate		Not expected to bioaccumulate	Moderate toxicity expected for aquatic organisms No data for sediment dwelling organisms
Carbon tetrachloride	Industrial discharges	Atmospheric deposition	Likely to be lost to the atmosphere	Low		Not expected to bioaccumulate	Low toxicity expected to aquatic organisms. No data for sediment dwelling organisms
Chlorinated ethylenes	Industrial discharges Landfill leachate	Atmospheric deposition	Likely to be lost to the atmosphere	Low		Not expected to bioaccumulate	Low to moderate toxicity to aquatic organisms
Chloronitrotoluenes	Industrial discharges		Likely to be lost to the atmosphere. Some adsorption to sediments	Low		Potential to bioaccumulate (little information)	Low to moderate toxicity to freshwater organisms. No data for marine organisms.
Chlorinated paraffins	Sewage discharges Industrial discharges		Likely to be associated with sediments	Low	High	Low molecular weight: potential to bioaccumulate. High molecular weight (>600): not expected to bioaccumulate	Low molecular weight: very toxic to marine organisms High molecular weight: low toxicity to marine organisms

Chlorophenols (CP) and dichlorophenols (DCP)	Industrial discharges; Paper mill discharges; By-product of chlorination of sewage and industrial discharges		Likely to be found in the water column and associated with sediment	Low to moderate	Moderate	Not expected to bioaccumulate	Moderate to high toxicity to marine organisms
Dichlorobenzenes	Sewage discharges Industrial discharges	Atmospheric deposition	Likely to lost to the atmosphere. Likely to associated with sediments.	Low to moderate	High	Potential to bioaccumulate	Moderate toxicity to invertebrates and fish
Chlorinated ethanes	Sewage discharges Industrial discharges	Atmospheric deposition	Likely to be lost to the atmosphere	High		Slight potential to bioaccumulate.	Low to moderate toxicity to algae, invertebrates and fish
Hexachlorobutadiene	Industrial discharges Waste leachates		Likely to be lost to the atmosphere. Likely to be associated with sediments	Low	High?	Potential to bioaccumulate significantly	Moderate to high toxicity to invertebrates and fish
PAHs	Sewage discharges Indusrial discharges Oil spillages	Urban runoff Atmospheric deposition	Likely to be associated with sediments (except naphthalene)		High	Potential to bioaccumulate significantly	Moderate toxicity to marine organisms. Can produce carcinogenic metabolites in organisms
Naphthalene	Sewage discharges Industrial discharges	Atmospheric deposition	Likely to be lost to the atmosphere. Some likelihood of association with the water column and sediments	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Potential to bioaccumulate	Moderate to high toxicity to invertebrates and fish

PCBs	Sewage discharges Industrial discharges	Atmospheric deposition	Likely to be associated with the sediment	High	High	Potential to bioaccumulate significantly	Can be very toxic to marine invertebrates. Can have endocrine disrupting effects.
Phthalates	Industrial discharges Waste leachates		Likely to be associated with the sediment		Low to high	Ranges from not expected to bioaccumulate to potential to bioaccumulate significantly depending on the phthalate	Moderate to low toxicity to marine organisms. Can have endocrine disrupting effects.
Polybrominated naphthalenes	Flame retardant chemicals, Chlorination by-product.		Not known	Not known		Not known	Not known
Oil and petrochemicals	Sewage discharges, Industrial discharges, Spillages, Leisure craft	Atmospheric deposition,	Volatile components will evaporate to the atmosphere. Long-chain hydrocarbons will be associated with the sediment. Oil/water emulsions can be found in the water column.	Low to high	High	Some hydrocarbons have the potential to bioaccumulate significantly	Moderate to high toxicity to invertebrates and fish. Indirect effects on intertidal biotopes through smothering/coating with oil deposits. Indirect effects on birds and seals through damage to plumage and inhalation of aromatic fractions respectively.
Surfactants	Sewage discharges Industrial discharges	Agricultural run-off	Likely to concentrate at air/water and water/sediment interfaces	Low		Potential to bioaccumulate	Can be very toxic to marine algae, invertebrates and fish. Can have endocrine disrupting effects.
Toluene	Sewage discharges, Industrial discharges	Atmospheric deposition	Likely to be lost to the atmosphere Can be associated with sediments	Low to moderate		Not expected to bioaccumulate	Moderate toxicity to marine invertebrates and fish.
Xylenes	Sewage discharges Industrial discharges Oil/petrochemical spillages	Atmospheric deposition	Likely to be lost to the atmosphere. Can be associated with the water column and sediments	Moderate to high		Not expected to bioaccumulate.	Moderate toxicity to marine invertebrates and fish.
Radioactivity	Nuclear power stations, nuclear reprocessing industry, research sites	Atmospheric deposition (from nuclear explosions and fires at nuclear facilities), primordial and natural.	More usually associated with sediment than the water column.	Isotope-specific.	Isotope-specific.	Isotope-specific.	Not at the concentrations found in UK coastal waters.
Algal toxins		Generated within the water column	Predominantly stored within algal cells, and released upon cell lysis.	Probably low-moderate	Probably low-moderate (not known to be accumulated).	High risk for some toxins, e.g. PSP, ASP, DSP; lower for others, e.g. NSP	Spectrum of toxicity from low to very high, dependent on algal species and concentration
Microbial pathogens	Viruses associated with STW outfalls	Potentially almost anywhere,	Unknown.	Probably low-moderate	Probably low-moderate		Pathogen-specific