Key references for background reading on the ecology of the biotope complex, its main characterizing species, and potential human influences upon it are shown in boldface.

Allen, J.A., 1967. The fauna of the Clyde Sea area. Crustacea: Euphausiacea and Decapoda. Scottish Marine Biological Association, Millport.

Anderson, S.J., Atkinson, R.J.A. & Taylor, A.C., 1991. Behavioural and respiratory adaptations of the mud-burrowing shrimp Calocaris macandreae Bell (Thalassinidea: Crustacea) to the burrow environment. Ophelia, 34: 143-156.

Appleton, P.L. & Vickerman, K., 1998. In vitro cultivation and developmental cycle in culture of a parasitic dinoflagellate (Hematodinium sp.) associated with mortality of the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) in British waters. Parasitology, 116: 115-130.

Astall, C.M., Anderson, S.J. & Taylor, A.C., 1997a. Comparative studies of the branchial morphology, gill area and gill ultrastructure of some thalassinidean mud-shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea). Journal of Zoology, 241: 665-688.

Atkinson, R.J.A., 1974b. Spatial distribution of Nephrops burrows. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 2: 171-176.

Atkinson, R.J.A. & Chapman, C.J., 1984. Resin casting: a technique for investigating burrows in sublittoral sediments. Progress in Underwater Science, 9: 15-25.

Atkinson, R.J.A., Froglia, C., Arneri, E. & Antolini, B., 1997. Observations on the burrows and burrowing behaviour of Squilla mantis (L.) (Crustacea: Stomatopoda). P.S.Z.N. I.Marine Ecology, 18: 337-359.

Atkinson, R.J.A., Froglia, C., Arneri, E. & Antolini, B., in press. Observations of the burrows and burrowing behaviour of Brachynotus gemellari and of the burrows of several other species occurring on Squilla grounds off Ancona, Central Adriatic. Scientia Marina.

Atkinson, R.J.A., Moore, P.G. & Morgan, P.J., 1982. The burrows and burrowing behaviour of Maera loveni (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Journal of Zoology, 198: 399-416.

Atkinson, R.J.A. & Nash, R.D.M., 1990. Some preliminary observations on the burrows of Callianassa subterranea (Montagu) (Decapoda: Thalassinidea) from the west coast of Scotland. Journal of Natural History, 24: 403-413.

Atkinson, R.J.A., Pelster, B., Bridges, C.R., Taylor, A.C. & Morris, S., 1987. Behavioural and physiological adaptations to a burrowing lifestyle in the snake blenny, Lumpenus lampraetiformis and the red band-fish, Cepola rubescens. Journal of Fish Biology, 31: 639-659.

Atkinson, R.J.A., Pullin, R.S.V. & Dipper, F.A., 1977. Studies on the red band fish, Cepola rubescens. Journal of Zoology, 182: 369-384.

Atkinson, R.J.A. & Taylor, A.C., 1991. Burrows and burrowing behaviour of fish. In: The environmental impact of burrowing animals and animal burrows. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, No. 63. eds. Meadows, P.S. & Meadows, A., Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 133-155.

Auster, P.J., 1993. ROVs for science. Marine Technology Society Journal, 26: 3-4.

Auster, P.J., Malatesta, R.J., Langton, R.W., Watling, L., Valentine, P.C., Donaldson, C.L., Langton, E.W., Sheppard, A.N. & Babb, I.G., 1996. The impacts of mobile fishing gear on sea floor habitats in the Gulf of Maine (north-west Atlantic): implications for conservation of fish populations. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 4: 185-202.

Bagge, O & Munch-Petersen, S., 1979. Some possible factors governing the catchability of Norway lobster in the Kattegat. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Réunions, Conseil Internationale pour l’exploration de la mer, 175: 143-146.

Barnes, H., 1963. Underwater television. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 1: 115-128.

Birkeland, C., 1974. Interactions between a sea pen and seven of its predators. Ecological Monographs, 44: 211-232.

Black, K.D., (ed.) 1996. Aquaculture and sea lochs. Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban.

Black, K.D., Fleming, S., Nickell, T.D. & Pereira, P.M.F., 1997. The effects of ivermectin, used to control sea lice on caged farmed salmonids, on benthic infauna. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54: 276-279.

Brooks, K.M., 1993. Impacts on benthic invertebrate communities caused by aerial application of carbamyl to control burrowing shrimp in Willapa Bay, WA. Journal of Shellfish Research, 12: 146.

Buchanan, J.B., 1963. The biology of Calocaris macandreae (Crustacea: Thalassinidea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 43: 729-747.

Buchanan, J.B., 1974. A study of long term population stability in a benthic crustacean. Proceedings of the Challenger Society, 4: 252-253.

Buchanan, J.B., 1984. Sediment analysis. In: IBP Handbook No. 16. Methods for the study of marine benthos. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. pp. 41-65.

Burridge, L.E. & Haya, K., 1993. The lethality of ivermectin, a potential agent for treatment of salmonids against sea lice, to the shrimp Crangon septemspinosa. Aquaculture 117: 9-14.

Calderon-Perez, J.A., 1981. Some aspects of the biology of Calocaris macandreae Bell (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea) in Isle of Man waters. Ph.D Thesis, University of Liverpool.

Carlton, J.T., 1996. Marine bioinvasions: the alteration of marine ecosystems by nonindigenous species. Oceanography, 9: 36-42.

Chapman, C.J., 1979. Some observations on populations of Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.) using diving, television and photography. Rapports et Proces-verbaux des Réunions, Conseil Internationale pour l’exploration de la mer, 175: 127-133.

Chapman, C.J., 1980. Ecology of juvenile and adult Nephrops. In: The biology and management of lobsters (2), eds. Cobb, J.S. & Phillips, B.F., London, Academic Press, pp. 143-178.

Chapman, C.J. & Bailey, N., 1987. Biological research on fish and shellfish stocks. Recent progress in Norway lobster research. In: Developments in fisheries research in Scotland. eds. Bailey, R.S. & Farrish, B.B., Fishing News Books Ltd., Farnham. pp. 99-111.

Chapman, C.J. & Howard, F.G., 1988. Environmental influences on Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) populations and their implications for fishery management. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 59: 343-353.

Chia, F.S. & Crawford, B.J., 1973. Some observations on gametogenesis, larval development and substratum selection of the sea pen Ptilosarcus guerneyi. Marine Biology, 23: 73-82.

Christiansen, M.E. & Stene, R.O., 1998. Occurrence of the thalassinid Callianassa subterranea (Montagu) (Crustacea, Decapoda) on the coast of southern Norway. Sarsia, 83: 75-77.

Connor, D.W., 1989. Survey of Loch Duich, Loch Long and Loch Alsh. Marine Nature Conservation Review Report MNCR/SR/010/89 (Nature Conservancy Council CSD Report No. 977).

Connor, D.W., 1990. Amalosoma eddystonense Stephen 1956, an echiuran new to Scotland, with notes on its proboscis and habitat. Porcupine Newsletter, 4: 226-228.

Connor, D.W., Dalkin, M.J., Hill, T.O., Holt, R.H.F. & Sanderson, W.G., 1997. Marine Nature Conservation Review: Marine biotope classification for Britain and Ireland. Volume 2. Sublittoral biotopes. Version 97.06. Joint Nature Conservation Committee Report No. 230.

Conway Morris, S., 1995. A new phylum from the lobster’s lips. Nature, 378: 661-662.

Covey, R., 1991. Benthic marine ecosystems in Great Britain: a review of current knowledge. Eastern England and English Channel (MNCR Coastal Sectors 6 and 7). Nature Conservancy Council CSD Report No. 1172 (MNCR Report No. MNCR/OR/08).

Covey, R., 1992. Sublittoral survey of the north coast of the outer Solway (Mull of Galloway to Auchencairn). Nature Conservancy Council CSD Report No. 1193 (MNCR Report MNCR/SR/15).

Cutts, N. & Hemingway, K., 1996. The Solway Firth: broad scale habitat mapping. Scottish Natural Heritage Research, Survey and Monitoring Report No. 46.

Daan, R., van het Groenewoud, H., de Jong, S.A. & Mulder, M., 1992. Physico-chemical and biological features of a drilling site in the North Sea, 1 year after discharges of oil-contaminated drill cuttings. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 91: 37-45.

Davies, J., 1997. Chapter 8. Western Channel (Durlston Head to Cape Cornwall, including the Isles of Scilly) (MNCR Sector 8). In: Marine Nature Conservation Review. Benthic marine ecosystems: a review of current knowledge for Great Britain and the north-east Atlantic. ed. Hiscock, K. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Coasts and Seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR Series).

Davies, J. & Hall-Spencer, J., 1996. Mapping of the benthic biotopes in the proposed Sound of Arisaig Special Area of Conservation. Scottish Natural Heritage Research, Survey and Monitoring Report No. 83.

Davis, N. & Van Blaricom, G.R., 1978. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in a sand bottom epifaunal community of invertebrates in shallow water. Limnology and Oceanography, 23: 417-427.

Devon Wildlife Trust, 1993. Marine survey report. Plymouth Sound and approaches. A report on the wildlife resource of Plymouth Sound and the adjacent open coast.

Ditadi, A.S.F., 1982. On the burrows of echiuran worms (Echiura): a survey. Boletim Zoologica, Universidade do Sao Paulo, 7: 21-36.

Dixon, I., 1986. Fish farm surveys in Shetland, August 1986. Summary of survey results, Volume 1. Report to the Nature Conservancy Council, Shetland Islands Council and Shetland Salmon Farmers Association from the Field Studies Council Oil Pollution Research Unit, Orielton, Pembroke, Dyfed.

Dworschak, P.C., 1981. The pumping rates of the burrowing shrimp Upogebia pusilla (Petagna) (Decapoda: Thalassinidea). Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology,

52: 25-35.

Dworschak, P.C., 1983. The biology of Upogebia pusilla (Petagna) (Decapoda, Thalassinidea) I. The burrows. P.S.Z.N.I. Marine Ecology, 4: 19-43.

Dyer, M.F., Fry, W.G., Fry, P.D. & Cranmer, G.J., 1982. A series of North Sea benthos surveys with trawl and headline camera. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 62: 297-313.

Dyrynda, P., 1984. Investigation of the subtidal ecology of the Fleet Lagoon (Dorset). Nature Conservancy Council CSD Report No. 530.

Eggleston, D., 1971. Synchronization between moulting in Calocaris macandreae (Decapoda) and reproduction in its epibiont Triticella korenii (Polyzoa Ectoprocta).

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 51: 404-410.

Emblow, C.S., 1992. Survey of the sublittoral hard substrata from Morecambe Bay to Whitehaven. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee Report No. 28 (MNCR Report No. MNCR/SR/19).

Eno, N.C., Clark, R.A. & Sanderson, W.G. (eds.), 1997. Non-native species in British waters: a review and directory. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.

Entec, 1996. Broad scale habitat mapping of intertidal and subtidal coastal areas: Loch Maddy, North Uist. Scottish Natural Heritage Research, Survey and Monitoring Report No. 76.

Erwin, D.G., 1977. A diving survey of Strangford Lough: the benthic communities and their relation to substrate - a preliminary account. In: Biology of Benthic Organisms. Proceedings 11th European Marine Biology Symposium, Galway, 1976. eds. Keegan, B.F., Ó Céidigh, P., & Boaden, P.J.S., Oxford, Pergamon Press, pp. 215-224.

Fisher, W.K. & MacGinitie, G.E., 1928. The natural history of an echiuroid worm. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 10 (1) : 204-213.

Flint, R.W. & Kalke, R.D., 1986. Biological enhancement of estuarine benthic community structure. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 31: 23-33.

Foss, G., 1962. Some observations on the ecology of Myxine glutinosa L. Preliminary communication. Sarsia, 7: 17-22.

Foss, G., 1968. Behaviour of Myxine glutinosa L. in natural habitat. Investigation of the mud biotope by a suction technique. Sarsia, 31: 1-13.

Foster-Smith, R.L., Sotheran, I., Foster-Smith, J.L. & Bunker, F., 1996. Mapping survey of the sublittoral and littoral biotopes of the Berwickshire coast. Scottish Natural Heritage Research, Survey and Monitoring Report, No. 60.

Fujita, T. & Ohta, S., 1988. Photographic observations of the lifestyle of a deep-sea ophiuroid, Asteronyx loveni (Echinodermata). Deep-Sea Research (A), 35: 2029-2043.

Funch, P. & Kristensen, R.M., 1995. Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. Nature, 378: 711-714.

Gibson, R.N. & Ezzi, I.A., 1978. The biology of a Scottish population of Fries’ goby, Lesueurigobius friesii. Journal of Fish Biology, 12: 371-389.

Gordon, J.D.M. & Duncan, J.A.R., 1979. Some notes on the biology of the snake blenny Lumpenus lampraetiformis on the west coast of Scotland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 59: 413-419.

Gowen, J.R. & Bradbury, N.B., 1987. The ecological impact of salmonid farming in coastal waters: a review. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 25: 563-575.

Hagen, N.T., 1995. Sea urchin outbreaks and epizootic disease as regulating mechanisms in coastal ecosystems. In: Biology and Ecology of Shallow Coastal Waters. Proceedings 28th European Marine Biology Symposium, Iraklio, Crete, 1993.eds. Eleftheriou, A., Ansell, A.D. & Smith, C.J., Fredensborg, Olsen & Olsen, pp. 303-308.

Hall, S.J., 1994. Physical disturbance and marine benthic communities: life in unconsolidated sediments. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 32: 179-239.

Hall, S.J., Robertson, M.R., Basford, D.J. & Heaney, S.D., 1993. The possible effects of fishing disturbance in the northern North Sea: an analysis of spatial patterns in community structure around a wreck. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 31: 201-208.

Hardisty, M.W., 1979. Biology of the cyclostomes. London: Chapman & Hall.

Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S., 1990. The Marine Fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe. Volume 1: Introduction and Protozoans to Arthropods. Oxford, Clarendon Press.

Hensley, R.T., 1996. A preliminary survey of benthos from the Nephrops norvegicus mud grounds in the north-western Irish Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 42: 457-465.

Hill, A.E., Brown, J. & Fernand, L., 1996. The western Irish Sea gyre: a retention system for Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus)? Oceanologia Acta, 19: 357-368.

Hill, A.E., Brown, J. & Fernand, L., 1997. The summer gyre in the western Irish Sea: shelf sea paradigms and management implications. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 44, Suppl. A: 83-95.

Hill, T.O., Emblow, C.S. & Northen, K.O., 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 6. Inlets in eastern England: Area summaries. Peterborough, JNCC (Coasts and seas of the UK, MNCR Series).

Hiscock, K., 1984. Sublittoral survey of Bardsey and the Lleyn Peninsula, August 13th to 27th 1983. Volume 1, Survey Report. Report to the Nature Conservancy Council from the Field Studies Council Oil Pollution Research Unit, Orielton, Pembroke, Dyfed.

Hiscock, K., submitted. Identifying marine ‘sensitive areas’ - the importance of understanding life-cycles. Paper submitted for publication in the proceedings of the symposium on Aquatic life cycle strategies: survival in a variable environment, April 1997.

Hiscock, K. & Moore, J., 1986. Surveys of harbours, rias and estuaries in southern Britain: Plymouth area including the Yealm. Volume 1, Report. Report to the Nature Conservancy Council from the Field Studies Council Oil Pollution Research Unit, Orielton, Pembroke, Dyfed.

Hoare, R. & Wilson, E.H., 1976. The macrofauna of soft substrates off the coast of Lundy. Reports of the Lundy Field Society, 27: 53-58.

Hoare, R. & Wilson, E.H., 1977. Observations of the behaviour and distribution of Virgularia mirabilis O.F. Müller (Coelenterata: Pennatulacea) in Holyhead Harbour, Anglesey. In: Biology of Benthic Organisms. Proceedings 11th European Marine Biology Symposium, Galway, 1976. eds. Keegan, B.F., Ó Céidigh, P. & Boaden, P.J.S., Oxford, Pergamon Press, pp. 329-337.

Holme, N.A., 1971. Macrofauna sampling. In: IBP Handbook No. 16, Methods for the study of marine benthos, 2nd edition. eds. Holme, N.A. & McIntyre, A.D.. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford & Edinburgh. pp. 80-130.

Howson, C.M., 1988. Marine Nature Conservation Review. Survey of Shetland, Foula and Fair Isle, 1987. Volume 1, Report. Report to the Nature Conservancy Council from the Field Studies Council Oil Pollution Research Unit, Orielton, Pembroke, Dyfed.

Howson, C.M., 1990. Marine Nature Conservation Review Surveys of Scottish sealochs. Sealochs of Arisaig and Moidart. Report to the Joint Nature Conservation Committee from the University Marine Biological Station, Millport.

Howson, C.M., 1991. Marine Nature Conservation Review Surveys of Scottish sealochs. The sealochs of North and South Uist and Benbecula. Volume 1, Report. Report to the Joint Nature Conservation Committee from the University Marine Biological Station, Millport.

Hughes, D.J., Ansell, A.D., Atkinson, R.J.A. & Nickell, L.A., 1993. Underwater television observations of surface activity of the echiuran worm Maxmuelleria lankesteri (Echiura: Bonelliidae). Journal of Natural History, 27: 219-248.

Hughes, D.J., Ansell, A.D. & Atkinson, R.J.A., 1994. Resource utilization by a sedentary surface deposit feeder, the echiuran worm Maxmuelleria lankesteri. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 112: 267-275.

Hughes, D.J., Ansell, A.D. & Atkinson, R.J.A., 1996a. Sediment bioturbation by the echiuran worm Maxmuelleria lankesteri (Herdman) and its consequences for radionuclide dispersal in Irish Sea sediments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 195: 203-220.

Hughes, D.J., Ansell, A.D. & Atkinson, R.J.A., 1996b. Distribution, ecology and life cycle of Maxmuelleria lankesteri (Echiura: Bonelliidae): a review with notes on field identification. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 76: 897-908.

Hughes, D.J., Marrs, S.J., Smith, C.J. & Atkinson, R.J.A., in press. Observations of the echiuran worm Bonellia viridis in the deep basin of the northern Evoikos Gulf, Greece.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

Johns, A.R., Taylor, A.C., Atkinson, R.J.A. & Grieshaber, M.K., 1997. Sulphide metabolism in thalassinidean crustacea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 77: 127-144.

Kaiser, M.J. & Spencer, B.E., 1996. The effects of beam-trawl disturbance on infaunal communities in different habitats. Journal of Animal Ecology, 65: 348-358.

Kastendiek, J., 1976. Behavior of the sea pansy Renilla kollikeri Pfeffer (Coelenterata: Pennatulacea) and its influence on the distribution and biological interactions of the species. Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole), 151: 518-537.

Kershaw, P.J., Swift, D.J., Pentreath, R.J. & Lovett, M.B., 1983. Plutonium redistribution by biological activity in Irish Sea sediments. Nature, 306: 774-775.

Kingston, P.F. & Riddle, M.J., 1989. Cost effectiveness of benthic faunal monitoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 20: 490-496.

Kinnear, J.A.M., Barkel, P.J., Mojseiwicz, W.R., Chapman, C.J., Holbrow, A.J., Barnes, C. & Greathead, C.F.F., 1996. Effects of Nephrops creels on the environment. Fisheries Research Services Report No. 2/96.

Künitzer, A., Basford, D., Craeymeersch, J.A., Dewarumez, J.M., Dörjes, J., Duineveld, G.C.A., Eleftheriou, A., Heip, C., Herman, P., Kingston, P., Niermann, U., Rachor, E., Rumohr, H. & de Wilde, P.A.J., 1992. The benthic infauna of the North Sea: species distribution and assemblages. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 49: 127-143.

Langton, R.W., Langton, E.W., Theroux, R.B. & Uzmann, J.R., 1990. Distribution, behaviour and abundance of sea pens, Pennatula aculeata, in the Gulf of Maine. Marine Biology, 107: 463-469.

Lee, H. & Swartz, R.C., 1980. Biological processes affecting the distribution of pollutants in marine sediments. Part II. Biodeposition and bioturbation. In: Contaminants and sediments, Volume 2., ed. Baker, R.A., Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan. pp. 555-605.

Mackie, A.M., 1987. Preliminary studies on the chemical defenses of the British octocorals Alcyonium digitatum and Pennatula phosphorea. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology (A), 86: 629-632.

Mackie, A.S.Y., Oliver, P.G. & Rees, E.I.S., 1995. Benthic biodiversity in the southern Irish Sea. Studies in marine biodiversity and systematics from the National Museum of Wales. BIOMÔR Reports.

Magorrian, B.H., Service, M. & Clarke, W., 1995. An acoustic bottom classification survey of Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 75: 987-992.

Manuel, R.L., 1981 (revised 1988). British Anthozoa. Synopses of the British Fauna, N.S., No. 18. London, Academic Press.

Marine Biological Association, 1957. Plymouth Marine Fauna, 3rd Edition.

McIntyre, A.D., 1971. Marine zoobenthos in the light of recent research. In: The Ocean World. Proceedings of the Joint Oceanographic Assembly (Tokyo, 1970), ed. Uda, M., Tokyo, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. pp. 139-141.

Mills, J.L., 1997.Chapter 11. Liverpool Bay and the Solway (Rhôs-on-Sea to the Mull of Galloway) (MNCR Sector 11). In: Marine Nature Conservation Review. Benthic marine ecosystems: a review of current knowledge for Great Britain and the north-east Atlantic. ed. Hiscock, K., Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Coasts and Seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR Series).

Moore, P.G. & Rainbow, P.S., 1984. Ferratin crystals in the gut caecae of Stegocephaloides christianensis Boeck and other Stegocephalidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a functional interpretation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B), 306: 219-245.

Moran, P.J., 1986. The Acanthaster phenomenon. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 24: 379-480.

Nash, R.D.M., 1980. Laboratory observations on the burrowing of the snake blenny Lumpenus lampraetiformis (Walbaum) in soft sediments. Journal of Fish Biology, 16: 639-648.

Nichol, J.A.C., 1958. Observations on the luminescence of Pennatula phosphorea with a note on the luminescence of Virgularia mirabilis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 37: 551-563.

Nickell, L.A. & Atkinson, R.J.A., 1995. Functional morphology of burrows and trophic modes of three thalassinidean shrimp species, and a new approach to the classification of thalassinidean burrow morphology. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 128: 181-197.

Nickell, L.A., Atkinson, R.J.A., Hughes, D.J., Ansell, A.D. & Smith, C.J. 1995a. Burrow morphology of the echiuran worm Maxmuelleria lankesteri (Echiura: Bonelliidae), and a brief review of burrow structure and related ecology of the Echiura. Journal of Natural History, 29: 871-885.

Nickell, T.D. & Anderson, S.J., 1997. Environmental assessment of Loch Harport. Report prepared for United Distillers. Altra Safety and Environment Ltd., Report UDI 911.

Ohta, S., 1984. Star-shaped feeding traces produced by echiuran worms on the deep-sea floor of the Bay of Bengal. Deep-Sea Research (A), 31: 1415-1432.

Pearson, T.H. & Rosenberg, R., 1976. A comparative study of the effects on the marine environment of wastes from cellulose indistries in Scotland and Sweden. Ambio, 5: 77-79.

Pemberton, G.S., Risk, M.J. & Buckley, D.E., 1976. Supershrimp: deep bioturbation in the Strait of Canso, Nova Scotia. Science, 192: 790-791.

Pereira, P.M.F., 1997. Macrobenthic succession and changes in sediment biogeochemistry following marine fish farming. Ph.D thesis, University of Stirling.

Pervesler, P. & Dworschak, P.C., 1985 Burrows of Jaxea nocturna Nardo in the Gulf of Trieste. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 17: 33-53.

Posey, M.H., 1986. Changes in a benthic community associated with dense beds of a burrowing deposit feeder, Callianassa californiensis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 31: 15-22.

Rachor, E. & Bartel, S., 1981. Occurrence and ecological significance of the spoon-worm Echiurus echiurus in the German Bight. Veröffentlichungen Instituts Meeresforschung Bremerhaven, 19: 71-88.

Reineck, H.-E., Gutmann, W.F. & Hertweck, G., 1967. Das Schlickgebiet südlich Helgoland als Beispiel rezenter Schelfablerungen. Senckenbergiana Lethaea, 48: 219-275.

Rice, A.L. & Johnstone, A.D.F., 1972. The burrowing behaviour of the gobiid fish Lesueurigobius friesii. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 30: 431-438.

Rogers, A.D. & Nash, R.D.M., 1996. A new species of Ochetostoma (Echiura, Echiuridae) found in the Azores with notes on its ecology. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 76: 467-478.

Rostron, D.R., 1992. Sublittoral benthic sediment communities of Morecambe Bay. Joint Nature Conservation Committee Report No. 47, from Subsea Survey, Pembroke. (MNCR Report No. MNCR/SR/22).

Rowden, A.A. & Jones, M.B., 1995. The burrow structure of the mud shrimp Callianassa subterranea (Decapoda: Thalassinidea) from the North Sea. Journal of Natural History, 29: 1155-1165.

Rowden, A.A. & Jones, M.B., 1997. Recent mud shrimp burrows and bioturbation. Porcupine Newsletter, 6: 153-158.

Scottish Office Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries Department, 1997. Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Annual Review 1994-1995.

Service, M., 1993. The structure and chemistry of the superficial sediments of Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26: 343-345.

Shields, J.D., 1994. The parasitic dinoflagellates of marine crustaceans. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 4: 241-271.

Shinn, E.A., 1968. Burrowing in recent lime sediments of Florida and the Bahamas. Journal of Paleontology, 42: 879-894.

Smith, C.J., 1988. Effects of megafaunal/macrofaunal burrowing interactions on benthic community structure. Ph.D thesis, University of Glasgow.

Stachowitsch, M., 1984. Mass mortality in the Gulf of Trieste: the course of community destruction. P.S.Z.N.I. Marine Ecology, 5: 243-264.

Stephen, A.C., 1934. The Echiuridae, Sipunclidae and Priapulidae of Scottish and adjacent waters. Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society, Vol. XXIII, Part 4., 159-185.

Stull, J.K., Haydock, C.I. & Montagne, D.E., 1986. Effects of Listriolobus pelodes (Echiura) on coastal shelf benthic communities and sediments modified by a major California wastewater discharge. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 22: 1-17.

Suchanek, T.H. & Colin, P.L., 1986. Rates and effects of bioturbation by invertebrates and fishes at Enewetak and Bikini Atolls. Bulletin of Marine Science, 38: 25-34.

Suchanek, T.H., Colin, P.L., McMurtry, G.M. & Suchanek, C.S., 1986. Bioturbation and redistribution of sediment radionuclides in Enewetak Atoll Lagoon by callianassid shrimp: biological aspects. Bulletin of Marine Science, 38: 144-154.

Swift, D.J., 1993. The macrobenthic infauna off Sellafield (north-eastern Irish Sea) with special reference to bioturbation. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 73: 143-162.

Taylor, A.C., Field, R.H. & Parslow-Williams, P.J., 1996. The effects of Hematodinium sp. infection on aspects of the respiratory physiology of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 207: 217-228.

Thomsen, L. & Altenbach, A.V., 1993. Vertical and areal distribution of foraminiferal abundance and biomass in microhabitats around inhabited tubes of marine echiurids. Marine Micropaleontology, 20: 303-309.

Tuck, I.D. & Atkinson, R.J.A., 1995. Unidentifed burrow surface trace from the Clyde Sea area. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 34: 331-335.

Tuck, I.D., Chapman, C.J. & Atkinson, R.J.A., 1997a. Population biology of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.) in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland - I. Growth and density. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54: 125-135.

Tuck, I.D., Chapman, C.J., Atkinson, R.J.A., Bailey, N. & Smith, R.S.M., 1997b. A comparison of methods for stock assessment of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, in the Firth of Clyde. Fisheries Research, 32: 89-100.

Tucker, B.W., 1930. On the effects of an epicaridan parasite, Gyge branchialis, on Upogebia littoralis. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 74: 1-118.

Tully, O. & Hillis, J.P., 1995. Causes and spatial scales of variability in population structure of Nephrops norvegicus (L.) in the Irish Sea. Fisheries Research, 21: 329-347.

Tunberg, B., 1986. Studies on the population ecology of Upogebia deltaura (Leach) (Crustacea, Thalassinidea). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 22: 753-765.

University Marine Biological Station, Millport, 1996. Twenty-sixth annual report, 1 August 1995 - 31 July 1996.

Weston, D.P., 1990. Quantitative examination of macrobenthic community changes along an organic enrichment gradient. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 61: 233-244.

Witbaard, R. & Duineveld, G.C.A., 1989. Some aspects of the biology and ecology of the burrowing shrimp Callianassa subterranea (Montagu) (Thalassinidea) from the southern North Sea. Sarsia, 74: 209-219.

Ziebis, W., Forster, S., Huettel, M. & Jørgensen, B.B., 1996. Complex burrows of the mud shrimp Callianassa truncata and their geochemical impact in the sea bed. Nature, 382: 619-622.