Literature cited and key background reading
Ahn, I.Y., Kang, Y.C. & Coi, J.W. (1995). The influence of industrial effluents on
intertidal benthic communities in Panweol, Kyeonoggi Bay (Yellow Sea) on the West coast of
Korea. Mar. Poll. Bull. 30 (3) 200-206.
Allen, P.L. & Moore, J.J. (1987). Invertebrate macrofauna as
potential indicators of sandy beach instability. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 24,
109-125.
Allen, J.H.(in prep) Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Hull
Angus, S. (1979). The macrofauna of intertidal sand in the Outer
Hebrides. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 77B, 155-171.
Ansell, A.D, et al (1972). The ecology of two sandy
beaches in south-west India. 1. Seasonal changes in physical and chemical factors, and in
the macrofauna. Marine Biology 17, 35-62.
Armstrong, M.P. (1997). Seasonal and ontogenic changes in distribution and abundance of
smooth flounder, Pleuronectes putnami and winter flounder, Pleuronectes
americanus, along estuarine depth and salinity gradients. Fisheries Bulletin. 95 (3)
414-430
Atkins, S.M. (1983). Contrasts in benthic community structure off the North Yorkshire
coast (Sandshead Bay and Maw Wyke). Oceanologica Acta, Special Volume, p7-10.
Baker J.M. & Wolff, W.J.P. (eds.) (1987). Biological surveys of estuaries and
coasts. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Barne, J.H., Robson, C.F., Kaznowska, S.S., Doody, J.P & Davidson,
N.C. (eds.) (1995). Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 5 North-east England:
Berwick on Tweed to Filey Bay. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Basford, D., Eleftheriou, A. & Raffaelli, D. (1990). The infauna and epifauna of
the northern north-sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 25, 1-2, 165-173.
Batten, L.A., Bibby, C.J., Clement, P., Elliott, G.D. & Porter, R.F. (eds) (1990).
Red Data Birds in Britain, The Nature Conservancy Council and RSPB. T and AD POYSER.
Bibby, C.J., Burgess, N.D. & Hill, D.A. (1992) Bird Census Techniques. Published
for the British Ornithology and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Academic
Press
Blanchard, G. & Guarini, J.M. (1996). Studying the role of mud temperature on the
hourly variation of the photosynthetic capacity of microphytobenthos in intertidal areas.
Comptes Rendus de Lacademie des Sciences serie III - Sciences de la vie-Life
Sciences. 319 (12) 1153-1158.
Boates, J.S., Forbes, M., Zinck & McNeil, N. (1995). Male amphipods (Corophium
volutator [Pallas] show flexible behaviour in relation to risk of predation by
sandpipers). Ecoscience 2 123-128.
Boesch, D.F. (1973). Classification and community structure of macrobenthos in the
Hampton Roads area, Virginia. Marine Biology 21 226-44
Brey, T. (1991) The relative significance of biological and physical
disturbance: an example from intertidal and subtidal sandy bottom communities. Estuarine
and Coastal Shelf Science 33, 339-60
Brown, B. (1982). Spatial and temporal distribution of a deposit
feeding polychaete on a heterogeneous tidal flat. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 65,
213-227.
Brown, A.C. (1983). The ecophysiology of beach animals - a partial
review. In: (eds. A. McLachlan & T. Erasmus) Sandy beaches as ecosystems. The
Hague, The Netherlands: Junk. 575-605.
Brown, B. & Wilson, W. H. (1997). The role of commercial digging of mudflats as an
agent for change of infaunal intertidal populations. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 218
(1) 49-61.
Brown, J.R., Gowen, R.J. & McLusky, D.S. (1987). The effect of salmon farming on
the benthos of a Scottish sea loch. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 109, (1), 39-51.
Brown, R.A. (1989). Bottom trawling in Strangford Lough: problems and policies.
Proceedings from the North Sea Meeting, Rotterdam.
Bryant, D.M. & Leng, J. (1976). Feeding distribution and behaviour of Shelduck in
relation to food supply. Wildfowl 27 p20-30
Bryant, D.M. (1979). Effects of prey density and site characteristics on estuary usage
by overwintering waders (Charadril). Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 9: 369-385.
Buchanan, J.B. (1966). The biology of Echinocardium cordatum chinodermata
(Spatangoidea) from different habitats. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 46, 97-114.
Buchanan, J.B. (1984). Sediment analysis. In: . (eds. N.A. Holme & A.D. McIntyre)
Methods for the study of marine benthos 2nd ed. Blackwell, Oxford, 41-65.
Buchanan, J.B. & Moore, J.J. (1986). A broad review of variability and persistence
in the Northumberland benthic fauna 1971-85. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 66,
641-657.
Buekema, J.J. (1992). Expected changes in the Wadden Sea benthos in a warmer world:
lessons from the periods with mild winters. Neth. J. Sea Res. 30, 73-79.
Buller & McManus (1979). In: (ed. K.R. Dyer) Estuarine hydrography and
Sedimentation. Estuarine and Brackish Water Sciences Association. Cambridge University
Press.
Burd, F. (1992). Erosion and vegetational change on saltmarshes of Essex and North Kent
between 1973 and 1988. Research and survey in nature conservation 42. Nature
Conservancy Council, Peterborough.
Burger, J., Niles, L. & Clarke, K.E. (1997). Importance of beach, mudflat and marsh
habitats to migrant shorebirds on Delaware Bay. Biological conservation. 79 (2-3)
pp 283-292.
Carter, R.W.G. (1988). Coastal Environments. An introduction to the physical,
ecological and cultural systems of coastlines. Academic Press, London.
CEC (1988-91). Cost 647 - Coastal benthic ecology activity report 1988-1991. Compiled
by B.F. Keegan
Chapman, G. (1949). The thixotropy and dilatancy of a marine soil. J. Mar. Biol. Ass.
U.K. 28, 123-40.
Chapman, P., Dexter, R.N & Long, E.R. (1987). Synoptic measures of sediment
contamination, toxicity and infaunal community composition (the sediment quality triad) in
San Fransisco Bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 37 p75-96
Clark, R.B. (1997). Marine Pollution Oxford University Press, Oxford. p60
Commission of the European Communities (1989) CORINE European classification of
communities (Corine/Biotopes) listed in the Technical Handbook, Volume 1, p73-109,
Connor, D.W., Brazier, D.P., Dalkin, M.J. Hill, T.O., Holt, R.H.F., Northen, K.O.,
& Sanderson, W.G. (1997). Marine Nature Conservation Review: marine biotopes (two
volumes). A classification for Britain and Ireland. Version 97.6. JNCC Report.
Costa, M.J. & Elliott, M. (1991). Fish usage and feeding in two industrialised
estuaries - the Tagus, Portugal and the Forth, Scotland. In: (eds. M. Elliott & J-P
Ducrotoy) Estuaries and Coasts: Spatial and Temporal Intercomparisons. Olsed and Olsen,
Denmark. 289-297.
Coughlan, J, (1979). Some aspects of reclamation in Southampton Water. In: (eds. B.
Knights & A.J. Philips), Estuarine and Coastal Land Reclamation and Water Storage.
Teakfield, Farnborough and the Estuarine and Brackish Water Sciences Association.
Croker, R.A. & Hatfield, E.B. (1980). Space partitioning and
interactions in an intertidal sand burrowing amphipod. Marine Biology 61, 79-88.
Curran, P.J. (1985). Principles of remote sensing. Harlow: Longmans.
Dahl, E. (1952). Some aspects of the ecology and zonation of the fauna
on sandy beaches. Oikos 4 p1-27
Dalkin, M. & Barnett, B. (1998). Procedural guidelines for quantitative sampling of
intertidal sediment biotopes and species using cores. In: (ed. K. Hiscock)
Biological monitoring of Marine Special Areas of Conservation: a handbook of methods for
detecting change. Part 2. Procedural guidelines, Peterborough, Joint Nature
Conservation Committee.
Davidson, N.C. & Rothwell, P.I. (1993). Human disturbance to waterfowl on
estuaries: conservation and coastal management implications of current knowledge. Wader
Study Group Bull. 68: 97-105
Davidson, N.C., DA Laffoley, D., Doody, J.P., Way, L.S., Key, R., Drake, C.M.,
Pienkowski, M.W., Mitchell, R. & Duff, K.L. (1991). Nature Conservation and Estuaries
in Great Britain. Nature Conservancy Council.
Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland (1994). Strangford Lough - proposed
marine nature reserve. Guide to designation. DOE (NI)HMSO.
DeGroot, S.J. (1984). The impact of bottom trawling on benthic fauna of the North Sea.
Ocean Manage 9: 177-190.
Dexter, D.M. (1990). The effect of exposure and seasonality on sandy beach community
structure in Portugal. Ciencia Biologica ESystematica (Portugal) 10, 31-50.
Dolphin, T.J., Hume, T.M. & Parnell, K.E. (1995). Oceanographic processes and
sediment mixing on a sand flat in an enclosed sea, Manukau Harbor, New Zealand. Mar. Geol.
128 (3-4) 169-181.
Donnan, D. (1998). Procedural guidelines for descriptive and quantitative surveys using
remote operated vehicles (ROV). In: (ed. K. Hiscock) Biological monitoring of
marine Special Areas of Conservation: a handbook of methods for detecting change. Part 2.
Procedural guidelines. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Dyer, K.R. (ed) (1979). Estuarine hydrography and sedimentation. Estuarine and Brackish
Water Sciences Association. Cambridge University Press.
Dyer, K.R. (1998). Estuaries - a physical introduction. 2nd Edition,
John Wiley & Son, Chichester
Dyke, P. (1996). Modelling Marine Processes. Prentice Hall.
Eagle, G.A. (1983). The chemistry of sandy beach ecosystems - a review. In: (eds. A.
McLachan, & T. Erasmus), Sandy beaches as ecosystems. The Hague, The
Netherlands: Junk. 203-224.
Eagle, R.A. (1973). Benthic studies in the south east of Liverpool Bay. Estuarine and
Coastal Marine Science 1 p285-99
Eagle, R.A. (1975). Natural fluctuations in a soft bottom benthic community. J. Mar.
Biol. Ass. U.K. 55, 865-878.
Eleftheriou, A. & Robertson, M.R. (1992). The effects of experimental scallop
dredging on the fauna and physical-environment of a shallow sandy community. Netherlands
Journal of Sea Research 30, 289-299.
Eleftheriou, A. & McIntyre, A.D., (1976). The intertidal fauna of sandy beaches-a
survey of the Scottish Coast. SFRR No 6.
Elliott, M. (1979) Studies on the production ecology of several mollusc species in the
estuarine Firth of Forth. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Stirling, 2 Vols.
Elliott, M.& Griffiths, A.H. (1988). Contamination and effects of hydrocarbons on
the Forth ecosystem. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., 93B, 327-342.
Elliott, M. & Taylor, C.J.L. (1989a). The structure and functioning of an
estuarine/marine fish community in the Forth Estuary, Scotland. Proceedings of the 21st.
European Marine Biology Symposium, Gdansk, September, 1986. Polish Academy of
Sciences - Institute of Oceanology, 227-240.
Elliott, M. & Taylor, C.J.L. (1989b). The production ecology of the subtidal
benthos of the Forth Estuary, Scotland. Scient. Mar. 53 (2-3): 531-541.
Elliott, M., O'Reilly, M.G. & Taylor, C.J.L. (1990). The Forth Estuary: A nursery
and overwintering area for North Sea fish species. Hydrobiologia, 195: 89-103.
Elliott, M. (1991). Imaging methods in benthic ecology: summary of discussions,
conclusions and recommendations. In: (ed. B.F. Keegan) COST647 - Coastal Benthic Ecology.
CEC Directorate General; Activity report 1988-1991, p348-351.
Elliott, M. & OReilly, M.G. (1991). The variability and prediction of marine
benthic community parameters. p231-238. In: (eds. M. Elliott, & J.P. Ducrotoy)
Estuaries and Coasts: spatial and temporal intercomparisons. Olsen and Olsen,
Fredensborg, pp390.
Elliott, M. (1993). The quality of macrobiological data. Mar. Poll. Bull. 26 (1) 2-3.
Elliott, M. (1994). The analysis of macrobenthic community data. Mar. Poll. Bull. 28
(2) p62-64
Elliott, M. (1996). The derivation and value of ecological quality standards and
objectives. Mar. Poll. Bull. 32 (11) p762-763
Elliott, M. & de Jonge V.N. (1996). The need for monitoring the monitors and their
monitoring. Mar. Poll. Bull. 32, (3) p248-49
Elliott, M. (1998). Summary of the effects of commercial fisheries on estuarine
ecosystems: A European perspective. Unpublished report to SCOR working group 105, Halifax
NS, March 1998. p57
Elliott, M. & Service, M. (in press). Analytical quality control and quality
assurance in marine benthic studies. Millport, Scotland. Workshop Proceedings p70
Eltringham, S.K. (1971). Life In Mud And Sand. The English Universities Press Ltd., St
Pauls House, Warwick Lane, London. EC4P 4AH
Erwin, D.G. (1983). The community concept. In: (eds. R. Erwin & D.G. Erwin)
Sublittoral ecology. The ecology of the shallow sublittoral benthos. P144-64.
Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Erwin, D.G., Picton, B.E., Connor, D.W., Howson, C.M., Gilleece, P. & Bogues, M.J.
(1986). The Northern Ireland sublittoral survey. Ulster Museum, Belfast: HMSO.
Evans. P.R. (1996). Improving the accuracy of prediction of the local effects of
habitat loss on shorebirds: Lessons from the Tees and the Orwell Estuary Studies. In
Press.
Fauchald, K. & Jumars, P. (1979). The diet of worms: a study of polychaete feeding
guilds. Oceanography and Marine Biology: Annual Review. 17, 193-284.
Fenchel, T.M. & Reidl, R.J. (1970). The sulphide system: a new biotic community
underneath the oxidised layer of marine sand bottoms. Mar. Biol., 7,
255-68.
Fenchel, T (1972). Aspects of decomposer food chains in marine benthos. Verhandlungen
der Deutschen Zoologischen Gellschaft 65 14-22
Ferns, P.N. (1983). Sediment mobility in the Severn Estuary and its effect upon the
distribution of shorebirds. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 40,
331-340.
Fox, A.D., Bell. D.V. & Mudge, G.P. (1993). A preliminary study of the effects of
disturbance on feeding Wigeon grazing on Eel-grass Zostera. Wader Study Group Bull.
68 (Special Issue).
Fucella, J.E. & Dolan, R. (1996). Magnitude of subaerial beach
disturbance during north-east storms. Journal of Coastal Research 12, 420-429.
Gerdol, V. & Hughes, R.G. (1994). Effect of Corophium volutator
on the abundance of benthic diatoms, bacteria and sediment stability in two estuaries in
South-eastern England. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 114 (1-2) 109-115.
GESAMP (1993). Impact of oil and related chemicals and wastes on the marine
environment. GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 50. Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific
Aspects of Marine Pollution.
Gibbons, D.W., Reid, J.B. & Chapman, R.A. (1993). The New Atlas of Breeding
Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988-1991. T & A. D. Poyser.
Gibson, R.N., Yin, M.C. & Robb, L. (1995). The behavioural basis of predator-prey
size relationships between shrimp (Crangon crangon) and juvenile plaice (Pleuronectes
Platessa). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K, 75, 337-349.
Gibson, R.N. & Robb, L, (1992). The relationship between body size, sediment grain
size and the burying ability of juvenile plaice, Pleuronectes platessa. Journal of
Fish Biology 40 (5) p771-778.
Gibson, R.N., (1973). The intertidal movements and distribution of young fish on a
sandy beach with special reference to the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) J. Exp.
Mar. Biol. Ecol. 12 p79-102.
Giere, O. (1993). Meiobenthology: the microscopic fauna in aquatic sediments.
Berlin; Springer.
Gierloff-Emden, H.G. (1982). Interest of remote sensing in coastal lagoon research. Oceanologica
Acta 1982: Actes du Symposium International Surles Lagunes Cotieres, Bordeaux,
8-14 Sept. 1981, ed, P. Laserre and H. Postma, pp 139-49. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
Glemarec, M. (1973). The benthic communities of the European North Atlantic continental
shelf. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 11 p263-289
Goss-Custard, J.D. (1985). Foraging behaviour of wading birds and the carrying capacity
of estuaries. In: (eds. R.M. Sibley & R.H. Smith) Behavioural Ecology, pp.169-188.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Goss-Custard, J.D. & Ditdurell, S.E.A.L (1990). Bird behaviour and environmental
planning: approaches in the study of wader populations. Ibis, 132 (2), 273-289.
Goss-Custard, J.D. & Yates, M.G. (1992). Towards predicting the effect of
salt-marsh reclamation on feeding bird numbers on the Wash. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29,
330-340.
Goss-Custard, J.D, & Verboven, N. (1993). Disturbance and feeding shorebirds on the
Exe estuary. Wader Study Group Bull. 68 (Special Issue).
Gowen, R.J. & Bradbury, N.B. (1987). The ecological impact of salmonid farming in
coastal waters : A Review. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 25, 563-575
Grant, J. (1984). Sediment microtopography and shorebird foraging. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 19, 293-296.
Gray, J.S. (1981). The Ecology of Marine Sediments. An introduction to the
structure and function of benthic communities. Cambridge University Press.
Green, J. (1968). The biology of estuarine animals. Sedgewick and
Jackson, London.
Green, R.H. (1979). Sampling design and statistical methods for
environmental biologists. Wiley, New York.
Hall, S.J. (1994). Physical disturbance and marine benthic communities:
Life in unconsolidated sediments. Ocean. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 32 179-239
Hayward, P.J. (1994). Animals of sandy shores. England, The
Richmond Publishing Company.
Hedgpeth, J.W. (1967). The sense of the meeting, in Lauff (ed) Estuaries, AAAS,
83, 707-712.
Hemingway, K. & Cutts, N.D. (in press) Broad Scale Habitat Mapping of the Solway
Firth. Coastal Zone Topics - Solway Volume.
Hiscock, K. (1983). Water movement. In: (eds. R. Earll & D.G. Erwin) Sublittoral
ecology: The ecology of the shallow sublittoral benthos. pp58-96. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Hiscock, K. (1998a). Biological monitoring of Marine Special Areas of Conservation: a
handbook of methods for detecting change. Part 1. Review and description of methods.
Consultation draft. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Hiscock, K. (ed.) (1998b). Biological monitoring of marine Special Areas of
Conservation: a handbook of methods for detecting change. Part 2. Procedural guidelines.
Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Holme, N.A. & McIntyre, A.D. (eds.) (1984). Methods for study of marine benthos -
2nd ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Iannuzzi, T.J., Weinstein, M.P., Sellner, K.G. & Barrett, J.C. (1996). Habitat
disturbance and marina development: An assessment of ecological effects. Changes in
primary production due to dredging and marina construction. Estuaries. 19, 257-271.
IECS (1993). Winter Seabird Survey: Block 41/30 Flamborough Head and Bridlington Bay.
Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull.
IECS (1995). Marine environmental baseline survey and assessment, Race Bank, east
coast, UK. IECS unpublished report to the Environment Agency.
Jensen, K.T. & Andre, C. (1993). Field and laboratory experiments on interactions
among an infaunal polychaete, Nereis diversicolor, and two amphipods, Corophium
volutator and C. arenarium: effects on survival, recruitment and migration. J.
Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 168. 259-278.
Jones, G. & Candy, S. (1981). Effects of dredging on the macrobenthic infauna of
Botany Bay. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 32 (3) p379-98
Jones, J.B. (1992). Environmental impact of trawling on the sea bed: a review. NZ J
Mar Freshwater Res 26:59-67
Jones, N.S. (1950). Marine bottom communities. Biol. Rev. 25, 283.
Jones, N.V. & Key, R.S. (1989). The biological value of mudflats in the Humber
Estuary (England): Areas proposed for land reclamation. Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Coastal Ecosystems: Planning, Pollution and Productivity. 2, 19-32.
Jørgensen, C.B. (1966). Biology of suspension feeding. In: (P.V.R Snelgrove & C.A.
Butman) Animal-sediment relationships revisited: Cause versus effect. Ocean. Mar. Biol.
Ann. Rev. 32 p111-117
Jpfister, C., Harrington, B.A. & Levine, M. (1992). The impact of human disturbance
on shorebirds at a migration staging area. Biol. Cons. 60: 115-126.
Kaiser, M.J. (1996). Starfish damage as an indicator of trawling intensity. Marine
Ecology Progress Series 134, 303-307.
Kaiser, M.J. & Spencer, B.E. (1996). The effects of beam-trawl disturbance on
infaunal communities in different habitats. Journal of Animal Ecology 65, 348-358.
King, C.M. (1975). Introduction to marine geology and geomorphology, E. Arnold,
London, 370pp.
Kirby, R. & Parker, W.R. (1974). Seabed density measurements related to echo
sounder records. Dock and Harbour Authority, 54, 423-4.
Kramer, J.M., Brockman, U.H. & Warwick, R.M. (1994). Tidal Estuaries: Manual of
Sampling and Analytical Procedures. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Bookfield.
Langslow, D.R. (1981). The conservation of intertidal areas in Britain. Wader Study
Group Bulletin, 31, 18-22.
Levinton, J.S. (1979). Deposit-feeders, their resources, and the study of resource
limitation. In: (ed. R.J. Livingstone) Ecological Processes in Coastal and Marine Systems,
117-41. Plenum Press, New York.
Libes, S.M. (1993). An introduction to marine biogeochemistry. John Wiley & Son
Lockwood, S. (1972). An ecological survey of an O-Group plaice (Pleuronectes platessa
L.) population, Filey Bay, Yorkshire. PhD Thesis, University of East Anglia. A
Primer on Methods and Computing. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Longbottom, M.R. (1970). The distribution of Arenicola marina (L.)
with particular reference to the effects of particle size and organic matter of the
sediments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 5,138-157.
MAFF, (1993). Aquatic environmental monitoring report. No.37. Analysis and
interpretation of benthic community data at sewage-sludge disposal sites. Prepared by the
Benthos Task Team for the Marine Pollution Monitoring Management Group co-ordinating Sea
Disposal Monitoring. Directorate of Fisheries Research Lowestoft 93.
Magorrian, B.H., Service, M. & Clarke, W. (1995). An acoustic
bottom classification survey of Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. J. Mar. Biol. Ass.
U.K. 75, 987-992.
Majeed, S.A. (1987). Organic-matter and biotic indexes on the beaches of North
Brittany. Mar. Poll. Bull. 18 (9) p490-495
Marshall, S. (1995). The structure and functioning of the fish assemblage of the Humber
Estuary, UK. PhD thesis, University of Hull.
Marshall, S. & Elliott, M. (1997) A comparison of univariate and multivariate
numerical and graphical techniques for determining inter and intraspecifc feeding
relationships in estuarine fish. J. Fish. Biol. 53(3) p526-545
McCave, I.N. (1979). In: (ed. K.H. Dyer) Estuarine hydrography and sedimentation,
p131-185. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
McDermott, J.J. (1983). Food web in the surf zone of an exposed sandy
beach along the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. In: (eds. A. McLachlan
& T. Erasmus), Sandy beaches as ecosystems. The Hague, The Netherlands: Junk.
529-538.
McIntyre, A. D. & Eleftheriou, A. (1968). The bottom fauna of a flatfish nursery
ground. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 48, 113-42.
McLachlan, A (1983). Sandy beach ecology: a review. In: (eds. A.
McLachlan. & T. Erasmus), Sandy. beaches as ecosystems. The Hague, The
Netherlands: Junk.
McLachlan, A. (1990). Dissipative beaches and macrofauna communities on
exposed intertidal sands. Journal of Coastal Research 6, 57-71.
McLachlan, A. & Jaramillo, E. (1993) Sandy beach macrofauna communities and their
control by the physical environment: a geographical comparison. Journal of Coastal
Research 15, 27-38.
McLachlan, A. (1995). Physical factors in benthic ecology: effects of
changing sand particle size on beach fauna. Unpublished. University of Port Elizabeth,
South Africa.
McLachlan, A., Jaramillo, E., Defeo, O., Dugan, J., Deruyck, A. &
Coetzee, P. (1995). Adaptations of bivalves to different beach types. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 187 (2) p147-160.
McLusky, D.S. (1982). The impact of petrochemical effluent on the fauna of an
inter-tidal estuarine mudflat. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. 14 (5) p489-99
McLusky, D.S., Anderson, F.E. & Wolfe-Murphy, S. (1983). Distribution and
population recovery of Arenicola marina and other benthic fauna after bait digging. Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser. 11 173-179
McLusky, D.S. (1989). The Estuarine Ecosystem, 2nd edition. Blackie, USA: Chapman and
Hall, New York.
McLusky, D.S. & McCrory, M. (1989). A long-term study of an estuarine mudflat
subject to industrial pollution. Scientia Marina 53 (2-3) In: (ed. J.D. Ros) Topics in
marine biology. Proceedings of the 22nd European Marine Biological Symposium.
McLusky, D.S., Bryant, D.M. & Elliott, M. (1992). The impact of land-claim on
macrobenthos, fish and shorebirds on the Forth Estuary, eastern Scotland. Aquatic
Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 2 211-222.
Meadows, P.S. & Tait, J. (1989) Modification of sediment permeability and shear
strength by two burrowing invertebrates. Marine Biology 101, 75-82. In: Hall .S.J. (1994)
Physical disturbance and marine benthic communities: Life in unconsolidated sediments.
Ocean. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 32 179-239
Meire, P. (1993). Wader populations and Macrozoobenthos in a changing estuary: the
Oosterschelde, Netherlands. Institute of Nature Conservation.
Meire, P.M., Seys, J., Buijs, J. & Coosen, J. (1994). Spatial and
temporal patterns of intertidal macrobenthic populations in the Oosterschelde: are they
influenced by the construction of the storm-surge barrier? Hydrobiologia 2821283,157-182.
Michalapoulos, C., Auster, P.J. & Malatesta, R.J. (1992). A
comparison of transect and species-time counts for assessing faunal abundance from video
surveys. Marine Technology Society Journal, 26 270-30.
Modin, J. & Pihl, L. (1996). Small-scale distribution of juvenile
plaice and flounder in relation to predatory shrimp in a shallow Swedish bay. Journal of
Fish Biology 49, 1070-1085
Moens, T. & Vincx, M. (1997). Observations on the feeding ecology
of estuarine Nematodes. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK. 77 (1) pp211 - 227
Montagna, P.A., Blanchard, G.F. & Dinet, A. (1995). Effect of
production and biomass of intertidal microphytobenthos on meiofaunal grazing rates. J.
Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 185 (2) pp149-165.
Moreira, F. (1994). Diet, prey size selection and intake rates of
Black-Tailed Godwits Limosa limosa feeding on mudflats. IBIS. 136 (3)
pp349-355.
Morris, A.W. (1983). Practical Procedures for Estuarine Studies. Institute for Marine
Environmental Research, Plymouth.
Mumford, P.A. & Kerney, M.D.M. (1989). An outline of current requirements and
techniques in environmental assessment. Chapter 50 In: (eds. R.A Falconer, P. Goodwin
& R.G.S. Mathew) Hydraulic and Environmental Modelling of Coastal, Estuarine
and River Waters - Proceedings of the International Conference held at the University of
Bradford 19-21 September 1989. Pub: Gower Technical.
Nedwell, S.F. (1997) Intraspecific variation in the responses to copper by two
estuarine invertebrates. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Hull.
Newell, R.C. (1965). The role of detritus in the nutrition of two marine deposit
feeders, the prosobranch Hydrobia ulvae and the bivalve Macoma balthica. Proc,
Zool. Soc. Lond., 141, 399-418
Nicol, J.A. (1958) Observations on the luminescence of Pennatula phosphorea,
with a note on the luminescence of Virgularia mirailis. J.mar.biol.Ass.U.K. 37,
551-563.
Olafsson, E.B., Peterson, C.H. & Ambrose, W.G. (1994). Does
recruitment limitation structure populations and communities of macro-invertebrates in
soft sediments: the relative significance of pre- and post-settlement processes.
Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 32, 65-109.
Olive, P.J.W. (1978). Reproduction and annual gametogenic cycle in Nephtys hombergi
and N. caeca (Polychaeta: Nephtyidae). Marine Biology, 46, 83-90.
Olive, P.J.W., Garwood, P.R., Bentley, M.G. & Wright, N. (1981). Reproductive
success, relative abundance and population structure of two species of Nephtys in
an estuarine beach. Marine Biology, 63, 189-196.
Open University, (1989) Oceanography Course Team Waves, tides and shallow-water
processes. Milton Keynes, Open University.
Palmer, M.A. (1988). Dispersal of marine meiofauna: a review and conceptual model
explaining passive transport and active emergence with implications for recruitment. Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser. 48, 81-91.
Parslow, J.L.F. (1973). Mercury in waders from the Wash. Environmental Pollution, 5,
295-304.
Parthenaides, E. (1965). Erosion and deposition of cohesive soils. Proc. Amer. Soc.
Civil. Eng. 91, HY1, 105-39.
Paterson, D.M. (1989). Short-term changes in the erodibility of intertidal cohesive
sediments related to the migratory behaviour of epipelic diatoms. Limnology and
Oceanography 34, 223-34
Pearce, F. (1998). Muddy waters - Pollution inspectors miss poisons hidden in sediment.
New Scientist 158.(2134). p22
Pearson, T.H. & Rosenberg, R. (1978). Macrobenthic succession in relation to
organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol.
Ann. Rev., 16, 229-311.
Pearson, T.H. & Stanley, S.O. (1979). Comparative measurement of the Redox
potential of marine sediments as a rapid means of assessing the effect of organic
pollution. Marine Biology, 53, 371-380.
Pearson, T.H. & Eleftheriou, A. (1981). The benthic ecology of Sullum-Voe.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 80 (1-4), 241-69.
Pearson, T.H. & Barnett, P.R. (1987). Long-term changes in benthic
populations in some west European coastal areas. Estuaries 10 (3), 220-226.
Peletier, H. (1996). Long term changes in intertidal estuarine diatom assemblages
related to reduced input of organic waste. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 137, (1-3)
265-271.
Penning-Rowsell, E.C., Green, C.H., Thompson, P.M., Coker, M.A., Tunstall, S.M.,
Richards, C. & Parker, D.J. (1992). The economics of coastal management - A
manual of benefit assessment techniques. Belhaven Press
Perkins, E.J. (1974). The Biology of Estuaries and Coastal Waters. Academic Press,
London.
Petersen, C.G.J. (1913). Valuation of the sea. II. The animal communities of the sea
bottom and their importance for marine zoogeography. Report of the Danish Biological
Station to the Board of Agriculture, 25, 62pp.
Peterson, C.H. (1991). Intertidal zonation of marine invertebrates in
sand and mud. American Scientist 79, 236-249.
Pethick, J. (1984). An introduction to coastal geomorphology. London,
Arnold.
Pienkowski, M.W. (1993). The impact of tourism on coastal breeding waders in western
and southern Europe: an overview. Wader Study Group Bull. 68 (Special Issue).
Pihl, L. (1985). Food selection and consumption of mobile epibenthic fauna in shallow
marine areas. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 22: 169-179.
Pihl, L. (1990). Year-class strength regulation in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa
L) on the Swedish west coast. Hydrobiologia 195: 79-88.
Piriou, J.Y., Menesguen, A. & Salomon, J.C. (1991). Les marees vertes a ulves
conditions necessaires, evolution et comparaison de sites. In: (eds. M. Elliott & J.P.
Ducrotoy) Estuaries and coasts:- Spatial and temporal intercomparisons. ECSA 19.
Symposium.
Poiner, I.R. & Kennedy, R. (1984). Complex patterns of change in the macrobenthos
of a large sandbank following dredging. Marine Biology. 78, 335-352.
Postma, H. (1967). Sediment transport and sedimentation in the estuarine environment.
In: (ed. G. H. Lauff) Estuaries, Am. Ass. Advmt. Sci. Washington, D.C., Publ. No
83, 158-179
Prater, A.J. (1981). Estuary birds of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser,
Berkhamsted.
Rasmussen, E. (1973). Systematics and ecology of the Isefjord marine fauna (Denmark).
Ophelia 11, 1-507.
Rees, E.I.S., Nicholaidou, a. & Laskaridou, P. (1977). The effects of storms on the
dynamics of shallow water associations. In: (eds. B.F. Keegan et al ) Biology of benthic
organisms.
Rees, H.L., Moore, D.C., Pearson, T.H., Elliott, M., Service, M., Pomfret, J. &
Johnson, D. (1990). Procedures for the monitoring of marine benthic communities at UK
sewage sludge disposal sites. Scottish Information Pamphlet No. 18. Department of
Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland.
Rees, H.L., Rowlatt, S.M., Limpenny, D.S., Rees, E.I.S. & Rolfe, M.S. (1992).
Benthic studies at dredged material disposal sites in Liverpool Bay. Aquatic Environment
Monitoring Report No. 28. Directorate of Fisheries Research, Lowestoft.
Rees, I. & Foster Smith, B. (1998). Procedural guidelines for seabed mapping using
acoustic ground discrimination interpreted with ground truthing. In: Biological monitoring
of marine Special Areas of Conservation: a handbook of methods for detecting change. Part
2. Procedural guidelines. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Reichelt, A.C. (1991). Environmental effects of meiofaunal burrowing. In: (eds.
P.S. Meadows & A. Meadows) The environmental impact of burrowing animals and animal
burrows. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 63 pp33-50. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Rhoads, D.C. & Young, D.K. (1970). The influence of deposit feeding organisms on
sediment stability and community trophic structure. J. Mar. Res. 28 pp150-178.
Rhoads, D.C (1974). Organism-sediment relations on the muddy sea floor Oceanography and
Marine Biology, Annual Review, 12, 263-300.
Rhoads, D.C. & Boyer, L.F. (1982). The effects of marine benthos on physical
properties of sediments. A successional perspective. In: (eds. P.L. McCall & M.J.S.
Tevesz). Topics in geobiology. Vol. 2. Animal-sediment relations. The biogenic alteration
of sediments. pp1-52. Plenum Press. New York.
Robertson, A.I. (1988). Decomposition of mangrove leaf litter in tropical Australia. J.
Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 116, 235-247.
Rosenberg (1977). Effects of dredging operations on estuarine benthic macrofauna. Mar.
Poll. Bull. 8 (5) p102-104
Russell-Hunter, (1970). Aquatic productivity - an introduction to some
basic aspects of biological oceanography and limnology
Salvat, B. (1964). Les conditions hydrodynamiques interstitielles de
sediments meubles intertidaux et la repartition verticale de la fauna endogee. C. R. Academie
Sciences Paris 259, 1576-1579.
Sanders, H.L., (1958). Benthic studies in Buzzards Bay. 1. Animal sediment
relationships. Limnol. Oceanogr. 5 p138-153.
Sanders, H.L., (1968). Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study. Am. Natur., 102
p243-282
Sanderson, W.G. (1996). Rare marine benthic flora and fauna in Great Britain: the
development of criteria for assessment. JNCC (report no. 240). Peterborough.
Schwinghamer, P. (1981). Extraction of living meiofauna from marine sediments by
centrifugation in a silica sol-sorbitol mixture. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences. 38, 476-478.
Scott, C.R., Hemingway, K.L., Elliott, M., de Jonge, V.N., Pethick, J.S., Malcolm, S.
& Wilkinson, M. (1997) Impact of Nutrients in Estuaries - Phase 2. Report to the
Environment Agency & English Nature. Cambridge Coastal Research Unit, University of
Cambridge.
Service, M. (1998). Procedural guidelines of in situ survey of sublittoral epibiota
using towed sledge video and still photography. In: Biological monitoring of Marine
Special Areas of Conservation: a handbook of methods for detecting change. Part 2.
Procedural guidelines. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Sherman, K.M. & Coull, B.C. (1980). The response of meiofauna to sediment
disturbance. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 46, p59-71
Simpson, M.A. (1997). An investigation into the causes, effects and implications of the
growth of the green macroalga Enteromorpha spp. On Seal Sands, Teesmouth.
Unpublished M.Sc. dissertation, University of Hull.
Smit, C.J. & Visser, G.J.M. (1993). Effects of disturbance on shorebirds: a summary
of existing knowledge from the Dutch Wadden Sea and Delta area. Wader Study Group Bull. 68
(Special Issue)
Snelgrove, P.V. & Butman, C.A. (1994). Animal-sediment relationships revisited:
Cause versus effect. Oceanog. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 32 p111-177
SOAFD (1996). Monitoring and assessment of the marine benthos at UK dredged material
disposal sites. Scot. Fish. Inf. Pamph. No. 21, Aberdeen, ISSN 0309 9105 (3rd
report of the Biology Task-team, GCSDM/MPMMG/DOE).
Somerfield, P.J., Gee, J.M. & Warwick, R.M. (1994). Soft sedimental meiofaunal
community structure in relation to a long term heavy metal gradient in the Fal estuary
system. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 105 (1-2) 79-88.
Stephenson, W.S.D., Cook, S.D. & Newlands, S.J. (1978). The macrobenthos of the
middle banks area of Moreton bay. Mem. Qd Mus. 18, 185-212.
Strickland, J.D.H. & Parsons, T.R. (1972). 2nd edition. A practical handbook of
seawater analysis. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Bulletin 167, Ottawa, pp.311
Swart, D.H. (1983). Physical aspects of sandy beaches - a review. In:
(eds. A. McLachlan & T. Erasmus) Sandy beaches as ecosystems. The Hague,
The Netherlands: Junk. 5-44.
Tait, R.V. & Dipper, F.A. (1998). Elements of Marine Ecology. Fourth
edition. Reed Elsevier plc group.
Taylor Smith, D & Li, W.N. (1966). Echo-sounding and sea-floor sediments, Mar.
Geol. 4, 353-64.
Thomas, M.L. (1986). A physically derived exposure index for marine shorelines.
Ophelia, 25 (1) 1-13
Thomas, N.S. (1998). Procedural guidelines for quantitative sampling of sublittoral
sediment biotopes and species using remote-operated grabs. In: Biological monitoring of
Marine Special Areas of Conservation: a handbook of methods for detecting change. Part 2.
Procedural guidelines. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Thorson, G. (1957). Bottom communities (sublittoral or shallow shelf). Geological
Society of America Memoir 67, p461-534.
Thrush, S.F., Pridmore, R.D. & Hewitt, J.E. (1994). Impacts on soft-sediment
macrofauna: The effects of spatial variation on temporal trends. Applied Ecology. 4 p41
Trimmer, M., Nedwell, D.B, Sivyer, D.B. & Malcolm, S.J. (1998) Nitrogen fluxes
through the lower estuary of the river Great Ouse, England: the role of the bottom
sediments. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 163 p109-124
Trueman & Ansell (1969). The mechanism of burrowing into soft substrate by marine
animals. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 7 p315-366
Tyler, P.A. & Banner, F.T. (1979) The effect of coastal hydrodynamics on the
echinoderm distribution in the sublittoral of Oxwich bay, Bristol Channel. Estuarine and
Coastal Marine Science 5, p293-308.
Underwood, G.J.C. & Paterson, D.M. (1993). Seasonal changes in diatom biomass,
sediment stability and biogenic stabilization in the Severn Estuary. J. Mar. Biol. Ass.
U.K., 871-887.
Vanosmael, C., Willems, K.A., Claeys, D., Vincx, M. & Heip, C., (1982).
Macrobenthos of a sublittoral sandbank in the Southern Bight of the North Sea. J. Mar.
Biol. Ass. U.K.. 62 p521-534.
Warwick, R.M. & Davies. (1977). The distribution of sublittoral macrofauna
communities in the Bristol Channel in relation to the substrate. Estuarine and Coastal
Marine Science. 5, 267-288.
Warwick, R.M. & Clarke, K.R. (1994). Change in marine communities: An
approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Plymouth Marine Lab.
Whitehouse, U.G., Jeffrey, L.M. & Debbrecht, J.D. (1960). Differential settling
tendencies of clay minerals in saline waters. Proc. 7th Conf. Clays, Clay Min.
1-79.
Willems, K.A., Vincx, M., Claeys, D., Vanosmael, C. & Heip, C., (1982).
Meiobenthos of a sublittoral sandbank in the southern bight of the North Sea. J. Mar.
Biol. Ass. U.K.. 62 p535-548.
Willems, K.A., Vanosmael,C., Claeys, D., Vincx,M. & Heip, C. (1982a). Benthos of a
sublittoral sandbank in the southern bight of the North Sea: General considerations. J.
Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K.. 62 p549-557.
Wolff, W.J. (1973). The estuary as a habitat. An analysis of data on the soft-bottom
macrofauna of the estuarine area of the Rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt. Zoologische
Verhandelingen, 126 p242
Wood, E.M. (1987). Subtidal Ecology. Edward Arnold, London.
Woodin, S.A. (1976). Adult-larval interactions in dense infaunal assemblages: Patterns
of abundance. J. Mar. Res. 34 (1) p25-41
Wright, J.F., Armitage, P.D., Furse, M.T. & Moss, D. (1989). Prediction of
invertebrate communities using stream measurements. Regulated Rivers: Research and
Management, 4: 147-155.
Zwarts, L. & Drent, R.H. (1981). Prey depletion and the regulation of predator
density: Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) feeding on mussels (Mytilus ed.). In:
(eds. N.V. Jones & W.J. Wolff) Feeding and survival strategies of estuarine organisms.
Marine Science 15. Plenum Press.
|