Literature Cited

Allen, J.R., Slinn, J., Shammon, T.M., Hartnoll, R.G. & Hawkins, S.J. (in press). Evidence for eutrophication of the Irish Sea over four decades. Limnol. Oceanogr.

Anderson, P. 1996. Design and implementation of some Harmful Algal Monitoring Systems. IOC Technical Series No. 44. UNESCO.

Auster, P.J. 1993. ROVs for science. Mar. Technol. Soc. Jl 26 (4), 3-4.

Barkai, A. & Branch, G.M. 1988. The influence of predation and substratal complexity on recruitment to settlement plates: a test of theory of alternative stable states. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 124, 215-237.

Beldam, G.A. & Robins, M.W. 1971. The soft corals of Skomer. Nature Wales 12 (4), 207-211.

Best, M.B. 1969. Étude systématique et écologique des madreporaires de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer (Pyrénées-Orientales). Vie Milieu 20, 2-A, 293-325.

Bokn, T., Berge, J.A., Green, N. & Rygg, B. 1990. Invasion of the planktonic algae Chrysochromulina polylepis along south Norway in May-June 1988. Acute effects on biological communities along the coast. Commission of the European Communities: Water Pollution Research Reports 12, 193.

Boorman, L.A., Goss-Custard, J.D. & McGrorty, S. 1989. Climatic Change, Rising Sea Level and the British Coast, HMSO, London, 24 pp.

Britt, I. & Petersen, F. 1982. Breeding season and egg morphology of echinoderms in Balsfjorden, northern Norway. Sarsia 67, 215-221.

Brown, R. 1990. Strangford Lough. The Wildlife of an Irish Sea Lough. Queens University of Belfast.

Bullimore, B. 1986. Photographic monitoring of epibenthic communities, August 1984-November 1985. Skomer Marine Reserve Syubtidal Monitoring Project Report No. 5. Report to the Nature Conservancy Council.

Bullimore, B. 1987. Skomer Marine Reserve subtidal monitoring project. Photographic monitoring of subtidal epibenthic communities 1986. Nature Conservancy Council CSD Report, No. 744.

Bunker, F.StP.D. & Hiscock, S. 1987. Sublittoral habitats, communities and species of the Skomer marine reserve - a review. (Contractor: Field Studies Council, Pembroke.) Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 747. (FSC Report, No. (OFC)/1/87.)

Bunker, F.StP.D. & Mercer,T. 1988. A survey of the ross coral Pentapora foliacea around Skomer Marine Nature Reserve in 1986 (together with data concerning previously unsurveyed or poorly documented areas). Field Studies Counci report to the Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough.

Carpine, C. & Grasshoff, M. 1975. Les gorgonaires de la Mediterranee. Bull. Inst. océanogr. Monaco 71, 1-140.

Buss, L.W. & Jackson, J.B.C. 1979. Competitive networks: nontransitive competitive relationships in cryptic coral reef environments. Am. Nat. 113, 223-234.

Caddy, J.F. 1973. Underwater observations on the tracks of dredges and trawls and some effects of dredging on a scallop ground. J. Fisher. Res. Bd Canada 30, 173-180.

Carlgren, O. 1949. A survey of the Ptychodactiaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. K. svenska. Vetenskakad. Handl. 4 (1) 1, 1-121.

Castric-Fey, A., Girard-Descatoire, A., Lafargue, F. & L’Hardy-Halos, M.T. 1973. Étagement des algues et des invertebrés sessiles dans l’Archipel de Glénan. Définition biologique des horizons bathymétriques. Helgoländer Wiss. Meeresunters. 24, 490-509.

Cloern. J.E. 1982. Does the benthos control phytoplankton biomass in south San Francisco Bay? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 9, 191-202.

Collins, K.J. & Mallinson, J.J. 1987. Marine flora and fauna of Southampton Docks. Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 721.

Collins, K.J., Jensen, A.C. & Lockwood, A.P.M. 1990. Fishery enhancement reef building exercise. Chem. Ecol. 4, 179-187.

Comely, C.A. & Ansell, A.D. (1988). Population density and growth of Echinus esculentus L. on the Scottish west coast. Estuar. cstl shelf Sci. 27, 311-334.

Comprehensive Studies Task team, 1984. Comprehensive studies for the purpose of article 6 of DIR 91/271 EEC, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. Forth River Purification Board, Edinburgh. 42 pp.

Connor, D. & Hiscock, K. 1996. Data collection methods. In, Marine Nature Conservation Review: Rationale and Methods, ed. by K. Hiscock, 51-56 and Appendices 5-10, 126-158. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

Connor, D.W., Dalkin, M.J., Hill, T.O., Holt, R.H.F. & Sanderson, W.G. 1997. Marine Nature Conservation Review: marine biotope classification for Britain and Ireland. Volume 2. Sublittoral biotopes. Version 97.6. JNCC Report, No. 230.

Costelloe, J., Keegan, B.F. & Könnecker, G.F. 1986. Rocky subtidal assemblages on the west coast of Ireland. Hydrobiologia 142, 97-111.

Crisp, D.J. 1974. Factors influencing settlement of marine invertebrate larvae. In, Chemoreception in Marine Organisms (eds P.T. Grant & A.M. Mackie), pp 177-265. Academic Press, London.

Currie, D.R. & Parrie, G.D. 1996. Effects of scallop dredging on a soft-sediment community: a large-scale experimental study. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 134, 131-150.

Davis,G.E & Dodrill, J. 1980. Marine parks and sanctuaries for for spiny lobster fishery management. Proc. Gulf Carrib. Fish. Inst. 32, 194-207.

Denny, M.W. 1988. Biology and the Mechanics of the Wave-swept Environment. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Dipper, F. 1983. Sublittoral survey of habitats and species in and around Loch Roag, Lewis, Outer Hebrides. (Contractor: Underwater Conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye.) Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 505.

Dipper, F.A. & Mitchell, R. 1980. Sublittoral survey of selected marine and brackish water ecosystems of the Uists, Outer Hebrides. Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 275.

Drew, E.A. 1983. Light. In, R.Earll & D.G.Erwin (eds), Sublittoral Ecology: the Ecology of the Shallow Sublittoral Benthos, 10-57, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Donnan, D.D. 1997. Using ROVs for marine nature conservation surveys. Proc. 4th Underwater Sci. Symp. 2pp.

Donnan, D. 1998. Descriptive and quantitative surveys using remote operated vehicles (ROVs). In: K. Hiscock (ed), Biological monitoring of marine Special Areas of Conservation: a handbook of methods for detecting change. Part 2. Procedural guidelines. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 5 pp.

Dugan, J.E. & Davis, G.E. 1993. Applications of marine refugia to coastal fisheries management. Can. J. Fish. aqu. Sci. 50, 2029-2042.

Dybern, B.I. 1965. The life cycle of Ciona intestinalis (L.) f. typica in relation to the environmental temperature. Oikos 16, 109-131.

Earll, R.C. 1981. The sublittoral ecology of the St Abbs area, Berwickshire. (Contractor: Underwater Conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye.) Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No.411.

Earll, R.C. 1982. The sublittoral ecology of the St Abbs area, Berwickshire. (Contractor: Underwater Conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye.) Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No.468.

Edwards, A.J. 1983. Farne Islands sublittoral survey 1982. Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 465.

Emblow, C.S. 1992. Survey of the sublittoral hard substrata from Morecambe Bay to Whitehaven. JNCC Report No. 28 (Marine Nature Conservation Review, report no. MNCR/SR/19).

Emblow, C.S., Picton, B.E., Morrow, C.C., Sides, E.M. & Costello, M.J. 1994. Marine Communities of the Bantry Bay area, and an assessment of their nature conservation importance. Unpublished, Environmental Sciences Unit, Trinity College. (Field Survey Report).

Eno, N.C., MacDonald, D.S. & Amos, C. 1996. A study on the effects of fish (Crustacea/mollusc) traps on benthis habitats and species. Final Report to the European Commission: Study Contract No 94/076.

Erwin, D.G. & Picton, B.E. 1990. Guide to Inshore Marine Life. Immell Publishing, London.

Erwin, D.G., Picton, B.E., Connor, D.W., Howson, C.M., Gilleece, P. & M.J. Bogues. 1986. The Northern Ireland Sublittoral Survey. Ulster Museum, Belfast.

Evans, P.D. & Mann, K.H. 1977. Selection of prey by American lobsters (Homarus americanus) when offered a choice between sea urchins and crabs. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 34, 2203-2207.

Field Studies Council Research Centre, 1992. Caernarfon and Cardigan Bays. An Environmental Appraisal. Hamilton Oil Company Ltd.

Forster, G.R. 1958. Underwater observations of the fauna of shallow rocky area in the neighbourhood of Plymouth. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 37, 473-482.

Forster, G.R. 1961. An underwater survey of the Lulworth Banks. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 41, 157-160.

Forteath, G.N.R., Picken, G.B. & Ralph, R. 1983. Interaction and competition for space between fouling organisms on the Beatrice oil platforms in the Moray Firth, North Sea. Int. Biodetior. Bull. 19, 45-52.

Fowler, S.L. & Pilley, G.M. 1992. Report on the Lundy and Isles of Scilly marine monitoring programmes 1984 to 1991. Report to English Nature fron The Nature Conservation Bureau Ltd.

Gage, J.D. 1992. Growth bands in the sea urchin Echinus esculentus: results from tetracycline-mark/recapture. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 72, 257-260.

Gulliksen, B. & Skjaeveland, S.H. 1973. The sea star Asterias rubens (L.) as a predator on the ascidian Ciona intestinalis (L.) in Borgenfjorden, North-Trondelag, Norway. Sarsia 52, 15-20.

Gray, J.S. & Christie, H. 1983. Predicting long-term changes in marine benthic communities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 13, 87-94.

Haamer, J. 1996. Improving water quality in a eutrophied fjord system with mussel farming. Ambio 25, 356

Hagen, N.T. 1983. Destructive grazing of kelp beds by sea urchins in Vestfjorden, northern Norway. Sarsia 68, 177-190.

Hagen, N.T. 1995. Recurrent destructive grazing of successionally immature kelp forests by green sea urchins in Vestfjorden, northern Norway. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 123, 95-106.

Hagen, N.T. 1996. Parasitic castration of the green echinoid Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis by the nematode endoparasite Echinomermella matsi: Reduced reproductive potential and reproductive death. Dis. Aquat. Org. 24, 215-229.

Harmelin-Vivien, M.L. & Laboute, P. 1986. Catastrophic impact of hurricanes on atoll outer reef slopes in the Tuamoto (French Polynesia). Coral Reefs 5, 55-62.

Hartnoll, R.G. 1775. The annual cycle of Alcyonium digitatum. Estuar. cstl mar. Sci. 3, 71-8.

Hartnoll, R.G. 1977. Reproductive strategies in two British species of Alcyonium. In, Biology of Benthic Organisms (ed B.F. Keegan, P. O'Ceidigh, and P.J.S. Boaden), pp 321-328. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Hartnoll, R.G. 1983. Substratum. In, R.Earll & D.G.Erwin (eds), Sublittoral Ecology: the Ecology of the Shallow Sublittoral Benthos, 97-124, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Hartnoll, R.G. 1983b. Bioenergetics of a limpet grazed intertidal community. S. Afr. J. Sci. 79, 116-117.

Hartnoll, R.G. & Hawkins, S.J. 1985. Patchiness and fluctuations on moderately exposed rocky shores. Ophelia 24, 53-63.

Hawkins, J.P. 1991. The effects of recreational diving on coral reefs of the Southern Sinai. M.Sc. thesis, Liverpool University.

Hawkins, S.J. 1981. The influence of season and barnacles on the algal colonisation of Patella vulgata exclusion areas. J. mar. biol. Ass. UK 61, 1-15.

Hextall, B.C.A. 1994. Experimental studies on the development of subtidal communities. Ph. D. thesis, Liverpool University.

Hill, A.S., Brand, A.R., Veale, L.O. & Hawkins, S.J. 1997. Assessment of the effects of scallop dredging on benthic communities. Contract CSA 2332. Final Report to MAFF.

Hiscock, K. 1979a. A survey of sublittoral habitats and species in the region of Padstow, Cornwall. Prog. underwat. Sci. Rep. underwat. Ass. (NS) 4, 121-130.

Hiscock, K. 1979b. South-west Britain sublittoral survey. Field survey of sublittoral habitats and species along the Gower Coast. June 25th to 30th, 1978. (Contractor: Field Studies Council, Oil Pollution Research Unit, Pembroke). Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 274.

Hiscock, K. 1981. South-West Britaim Sublittoral Survey. Field surveys of sublittoral habitats and species around Lundy. (Contractor: Field Studies Council, Oil Pollution Research Unit, Pembroke.) Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 354.

Hiscock, K. 1983. Water movement. In, R.Earll & D.G.Erwin (eds), Sublittoral Ecology: the Ecology of the Shallow Sublittoral Benthos, 58-96, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Hiscock, K. 1984. Sublittoral survey of Bardsey and the Lleyn peninsula. August 13th to 27th, 1983. (Contractor: Field Studies Council, Oil Pollution Research Unit, Pembroke.) Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 612.

Hiscock, K. 1985. Aspects of the ecology of rocky sublittoral areas. In, P.G. Moore & R. Seed (eds), The Ecology of Rocky Coasts. Hodder & Stoughton, London, 290-328.

Hiscock, K. 1986a. Marine biological surveys in Shetland. (Contractor: Field Studies Council, Oil Pollution Research Unit). Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 678.

Hiscock, K. ed. 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR Series).

Hiscock, S. 1986b. Sublittoral survey of the mid-Wales sarns (reefs): Sarn Badrig, Sarn-y-bwch and Cynfelin patches. July 2nd-9th 1986. Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 696.

Hiscock, K. 1998a. Biological monitoring of marine Special Areas of Conservation: a handbook of methods for detecting change. Part 1. Review and description of methods. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

Hiscock, K. 1998b. Biological monitoring of marine Special Areas of Conservation: a handbook of methods for detecting change. Part 2. Procedural guidelines. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

Hiscock, K. & Hoare, R. 1973. The ecology of sublittoral communities at Abereiddy Quarry, Pembrokeshire. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 55, 833-864.

Hiscock, K. & Howlett, R. 1976. The ecology of Caryophyllia smithii Stokes and Broderip on south-western coasts of the British Isles. In Underwater Research (eds E.A. Drew, J.N. Lythgoe & J.D. Woods), pp 319-334, Academic Press, London.

Hiscock, K. & Moore, J. 1986. Surveys of harbours, rias and estuaries in southern Britain: Plymouth area including the Yealm. (Contractor: Field Studies Council, Oil Pollution Research Unit, Pembroke.) Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 752 (FSC Report, No FSC/OPRU/36/86).

Hoare, R. & Peattie, E.M. 1979. The sublittoral ecology of the menai Strait.. I. Temporal and spatial variation in the fauna and flora. Est. cstl mar. Sci. 9, 663-676.

Houghton, J.T., Jenkins, G.J. & Ephraums, J.J. 1990. Climatic Change, the IPCC Scientific Assessment, ambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 365.

Howson, C.M. 1988. Marine Nature Conservation Review,: survey of Shetland, Foula and Fair Isle, 1987. (Contractor: Field Studies Council, Oil Pollution Research Unit, Pembroke.) Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 816.

Howson, C.M. 1990. Marine Nature Conservation Review. Surveys of Scottish Sealochs. Sealochs of Arisaig and Moidart. Report to the Nature Conservancy Council from the University Marine Biological Station, Millport. Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 1086.

Howson, C.M. 1991. Marine Nature Conservation review. Surveys of Scottish sealochs. The sealochs of North and South Uist and Benbecula. A report from the University Marine Biological Station Millport to the Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Joint Nature Conservation Committee Report, No. 3.

Howson, C.M., Connor, D.W.,& Holt, R.H.F. 1994. The Scottish sealochs. An account of surveys undertaken for the marine Naural Conservation Review. (Contractor: University Marine Biological Station, Millport). JNCC Report, No. 164. (Marine Nature Conservation Review, Report, No. MNCR/SR/27.)

Huston, M. 1985. Variation in coral growth rates with depth at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Coral Reefs 4, 19-25.

IOE Group 1995. Marine environmental survey of the Dorset Coastline within UKCS blocks 97/14 & 15. Diving survey September 1994. Final Report on behalf of Amoco (UK) Exploration Company.

Jackson, J.B.C. 1977. Competition on marine hard substrata: the adaptive significance of solitary and colonial strategies. Am. Nat. 111, 743-767.

Jensen, A. & Fredriksen, R. 1992. The fauna associated with the bank-forming deepwater coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) on the Faroe shelf. Sarsia 77, 53-64.

Jensen, A.C., Collins, K.J., Lockwood, A.P.M., Mallinson, J.J. & Turnpenny, W.H. 1994. Colonisation and fishery potential of a coal ash artificial reef, Poole Bay, United Kingdom. Bull. mar. Sci. 55, 1263-1276.

Jerlov, N.G. 1976. Marine Optics, second edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Jones, J.B. 1992. Environmental impacts of trawling on the seabed: A review. N.Z. Jl mar. freshwat. Res. 26, 59-67.

Jones, N.S. 1948. Observations and experiments on the biology of Patella vulgata at Port St Mary, Isle of Man. Proc. Trans. Lpool Biol. Soc. 56, 60-77.

Jones, N.S. & Kain, J.M. 1967. Subtidal algal colonisation following the removal of Echinus. Helgolander wiss. Meeresunters. 15, 460-466.

Kain, J.M. 1971. Continuous recording of underwater light in relation to Laminaria distribution. In, Proceedings of the 4th European Marine Biology Symposium (ed. D.J. Crisp) pp 335-346. Cambridge University Press, London.

Kaplan, S.W. 1987. Intrasexual aggression in Metridium senile. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab. Woods Hole 165, 416-418.

Karlson, R. 1978. Predation and space utilisation patterns in a marine epifaunal community. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 31, 225-239.

Kautsky, N., Kautsky, H., Kautsky, U. & Wawern, M. 1986. Decreased depth penetration of Fucus vesiculosus (L.) since the 1940’s indicates eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 28, 1-8.

Kennington, K., Allen, J.R., Shammon, T.M., Hartnoll, R.G., Wither, A. & Jones, P. 1997. The distribution of phytoplankton and nutrients in the north east Irish Sea during 1996. Environment Agency R & D Technical Report E30, 44 pp.

Kitching, J.A., Macan, T.T. & Gilson, H.C. 1934. Studies in sublittoral ecology. I. A submarine gulley in Wembury Bay, S. Devon. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 19, 677-705.

Kluijver, M.J.de. 1993. Sublittoral hard-substratum communities off Orkney and St. Abbs (Scotland). J. mar. biol. Ass. UK., 73: 733-754.

Knight-Jones, E.W. & Jones, W.C. 1955. The fauna of rocks at various depths off Bardsey. I. Sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans. Rep. Bardsey. Observ. 3, 23-30.

Knight-Jones, E.W. & Nelson-Smith, A. 1977. Sublittoral transects in the Menai Straits and Milford Haven. In, Biology of Benthic Organisms (ed B.F. Keegan, P. O'Ceidigh, and P.J.S. Boaden) pp 379-389. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Könneker, G. 1977. Epibenthic assemblages as indicators of environmental conditions. In, Biology of Benthic Organisms (ed B.F. Keegan, P. O'Ceidigh, and P.J.S. Boaden), pp 91-395. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Lart, W.J., Dalby, T.M., MacMullen, P.H. & P.F. Willerton. 1993. Dredging and ecosystem impacts of dredging for pectinids. Commission of European Communities. Seafish Consultancy Report on EC Special Study Project on the Protection of Marine Species. Ref 92/3506. Seafish C.R. No. 71.

Lawrence, S.J. 1993. The feeding ecology and physiology of the scallops (Pecten maximus (L.) and Aequipecten opercularis (L.)) in the north Irish Sea. Ph.D. thesis, University of Liverpool. 86 pp.

Lundälv, T. 1971. Quantitative studies on rocky-bottom biocoenoses by underwater photogrammetry. A methodological study. Thalassia Jugoslavica 7, 201-208.

Lundälv, T. 1985. Detection of long-term trends in rocky sublittoral communbities: Representativeness of fixed sites. In P.G. Moore & R. Seed (eds), The Ecology of Rocky Coasts. Hodder & Stoughton Educational, U.K., 329-345.

Lundälv, T. 1990. Effects of eutrophication and plankton blooms in waters bordering the Swedish west coast - an overview. commission of the European Communities: Water Pollution Research Reports 12, 195-213.

Lundälv, T. 1996. Project Väderöarna: 10-åarsjubilerande rekordhällare I havsövervakning. Havsutsikt 1, 10.

Lundälv, T. & Christie, H. 1986. Comparative trends and ecological patterns of rocky subtidal communities in the Swedish and Norwegian Skagerrak area. Hydrobiologia 142, 71-80.

Lundälv, T., Larsson, C. & Axelsson, L. 1986. Long-term trends in algal-dominated rocky subtidal communities on the Swedish west coast - a transitional system? Hydrobiologia 142, 81-95.

Lüning, K. & Dring, M.H. 1979. Continuous underwater light measurements near Helgoland (North Sea) and its significance for characteristic light limits in the sublittoral region. Helgoländer Wiss. Meeresunters. 32, 403-424.

MacDonald, D.S. 1993. Ecological studies on the effects of scallop dredging on the benthos of the north Irish Sea. Ph.D. thesis, University of Liverpool.

MacDonald, D.S., Little, M., Eno, C. & Hiscock, K. 1996. Disturbance of benthic species by fishing activities: a sensitivity index. Aquatic Conservation 6, 257-268.

Mackin, J.G. 1961. Canal dredging and silting in Louisiana bays. Public Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas 7, 262-314.

Mann, K.H. & Breen, P.A. 1972. Relations between lobsters, sea urchins and kelp beds. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 29, 603-605.

Manuel, R.L. 1981. British Anthozoa. Synopses of the British Fauna, No. 18. Linnean Society of London.

Marchetti, R. 1992. The problems of the Emalia Romagna coastal waters: facts and interpretations. Science of the Total Environment. Elsevier Press Publications, Amsterdam, Supplement 1992, 21-33.

Mathers, M.F., Rankin, A. & Walker, R. 1978. Sublittoral survey of St. Abbs. (Contractor: Unilink, Heriot-Watt University, Department of Brewing and Biological Sciences, Edinburgh.) Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 220.

Maximov, I.V., Sarukhanyan, E.I. & Smirnov, N.P. 1972. Long-term variations of the N. Atlantic current and their possible causes. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer. 162, 159-166.

Menge, B.A. 1982. Effects of feeding on the environment: Asteroidea. In, Echinoderm Nutrition (eds M. Jangoux & J.M. Lawrence), A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 521-551.

Michanek, G. 1972. A review of world seaweed resources. Proc. 7th Intern. Seaweed Symp., Japan (1971), 248-250.

Miller, R.J., Mann, K.H. & Scarratt, D.J. 1971. Production potential of a seaweed-lobster community in Eastern Canada. J. Fisher. Bd Canada 28, 1733-1738.

Mitchell, R., Earll, R.C., & Dipper, F.A. 1983. Shallow sublittoral ecosystems in the Inner Hebrides. In: The natural environment of the Inner Hebrides, ed. by J.M. Boyd & D.R. Bowes, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Series B: Biological Sciences, 83: 161-184.

Moore, J. 1995. The marine inlets of south west Britain - overview. Report to JNCC from the Field Studies Research Centre.

Morton, J.W. 1977. Ecological effect of dredging and dredge spoil disposal: a literature review. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Technical Papers, 94.

Moss, D., & Ackers, G. 1987. A Sublittoral Survey of Shetland, 1987. Ross-on-Wye, Marine Conservation Society.

Nichols, D. 1978. Can we save the sea urchin. Diver 1978 23, 490-491.

Nichols, D., Sime, A.A.T and Bishop, G.M. 1985. Growth in populations of the sea-urchin Echinus esculantus L. (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the English Channel and Firth of Clyde. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 86, 219-228.

Olson, R.R. 1983. Ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis: the role of larval photoadaptations in midday larval release and settlement. Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab., Woods Hole 165, 221-240.

Pagett, R. 1983. The sublittoral ecology of the St Abbs area, Berwickshire (III). (Contractor: Marine Conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye.) Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No.512.

Pipe, A. 1981. North Sea fouling organisms and their potential effects on the corrosion of North Sea structures. Marine Corrosion on Offshore Structures, pp. 13-22. London.

Ralph, R. & Goodman, K. 1979. Foul play beneath the waves. New Scientist 82, 1018-1021.

Robins, M.W. 1968. The ecology of Alcyonium species in the Scilly Isles, Underwater Ass. Report 1968, 67-71.

Roushdy, H.M. & Hansen, V.K. 1961. Filtration of phytoplankton by the octocoral Alcyonium digitatum L. Nature 190, 649-650.

Rubin, J.A. 1980. Spatial interaction in a sublittoral benthic community. Prog. underwat. Sci. 5, 137-146.

Rueness, J. 1973. Pollution effects on littoral algal communities in the inner Oslofjord, with special reference to Ascophyllum nodosum. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters. 24, 446-454.

Russ, G.R. 1980. Effects of predation by fishes, competition and structural complexity of the substratum on the establishment of a marine epifaunal community. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 42, 55-69.

Saila, S.B., Pratt, S.D. & Polgar, T.T. 1972. Dredge spoil disposal in Rhode Island Sound. University of Rhode Island Mar. Tech. Rep. 2.

Sandness, O.K. & Gulliksen, B. 1980. Monitoring and manipulation of a sublittoral hard bottom biocoenosis in Balsfjord, northern Norway. In, European Marine Biology Symposium on Protection of Life in the Sea (eds O. Kinne & H.P. Bulnheim), pp. 467-472.

Schafer, W. 1972. Ecology and Palaeoecology of Marine Environments. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Schneider, S.H. & Rosenberg, N.J. 1989. The greenhouse effect: its causes, possible impacts and associated uncertainties. In, Greenhouse Warming, Abatement and Adaptation (eds N.J. Rosenberg, W.E. Easterling, P. Crosson & J. Darmstadter), Resources for the Future, Washington D.C., pp. 7-34.

Sebens, K.P. 1982. Competition for space: growth rate, reproduction and escape in size. Am. Nat. 120, 189-197.

Sebens, K.P. 1985a. Community ecology of vertical rock walls in the Gulf of Maine, U.S.A.: Small-scale process and alternative community states. In, The Ecology of Rocky Coasts (eds P.G. Moore & R. Seed). pp 346-371. Hodder & Stoughton, Sevenoaks,

Sebens, K.P. 1985b. The ecology of the rocky subtidal zone. Am. Scientist 73, 548-557.

Shammon, T.M., Slinn, D.J. & Hartnoll, R.G. 1997. Longterm studies of the Irish Sea: Environmental monitoring and contamination. Report to the Department of Local Government and the Environment, Isle of Man. 40 pp.

Shepherd, S.A. & Brown, L.D. 1993. What is an abalone stock: Implications for the role of refugia in Conservation. Can. J. Fish. aqu. Sci. 50, 2001-2009.

Sherk, J.A. 1971. The effects of suspended and deposited sediments on estuarine organisms: literature summary and research needs. Chesapeake Biology Laboratory Maryland, 443, 73 pp.

Sivertsen, K. & Bjorge, A. 1980. Reduksjon av tareskogen pa Helgelandskysten. Fisk. Havet. 1980 (No 4), 1-9.

Skadsheim, A., Christie, H. & Leinaas, H.P. 1995. Population reductions of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Echinodermata) in Norway and the distribution of its endoparasite Echinomermella matsi (Nematoda). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 119, 199-209.

Smith, J. & Moore, J. 1996. The marine biology of marine inlets in south-west Britain: area summaries (MNCR Sector 8). Report to JNCC from the Field Studies Research Centre.

Southward, A.J. 1967. Recent changes in the abundance of intertidal barnacles in south-west England, a possible effect of climatic deterioration. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 47, 81-95.

Southward, A.J. 1991. Forty years of changes in species composition and population density of barnacles on a rocky shore near Plymouth. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 71, 495-513.

Southward, A.J. & Southward, E.C. 1978. Recolonisation of rocky shores in Cornwall after use of toxic dispersants to clean up the Torrey Canyon spill. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 35, 682-706.

Stephenson, T.A. 1935. The British Sea Anemones. Vol.2. The Ray Society, London.

Sutherland, J.P. 1974. Multiple stable points in natural communities. Am. Nat. 108, 859-873.

Svane, I. 1983. Ascidian reproductive patterns related to long-term population dynamics. Sarsia 68, 249-255.

Svane, I. & Gröndahl, F. 1988. Epibioses of Gullmarsfjorden: an underwater stereophotographical transect analysis in comparison with the investigations of Gislén in 1926-29. Ophelia 28, 95-110.

Svane, I. & Lundälv. T. 1981. Reproductive patterns and population dynamics of Ascidia mentula (O.F. Muller) on the Swedish west coast. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 50, 163-182.

Svane, I. & Lundälv. T. 1982a. Population dynamics and reproductive patterns of Boltenia echinata (Acidiacea) on the Swedish west coast. Neth. J. Sea Res. 16, 105-118.

Svane, I. & Lundälv. T. 1982b. Persistence stability in ascidian populations: Long-term population dynamics and reproductive pattern of Pyura tesselata (Forbes) in Gullmarfjorden on the Swedish west coast. Sarsia. 67, 249-257.

Tegner, M.J. 1989. The feasibility of enhancing red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, stocks in California: an analysis of the options. Mar. Fish. Rev. 51, 1-22.

Tegner, M.J. & Levin, L.A. 1983. Spiny lobsters and sea urchins; analysis of a predator-prey interaction. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 73, 125-???

Tegner, M.J., DeMartini, J.D. & Karpov, K.A. 1992. The California red abalone fishery: a case study in complexity. In, S.A. Shepherd, M.J. Tegner & S.A. Guzman del Proo (eds), Abalone of the World: Biology,Fisheries and Culture, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 370-383.

Torlegård, A.K.I. & Lundälv, T. Under-water analytical system. Photogrammetric Engineering 40, 287-293.

Underwood, A.J. & Fairweather, P.G. 1989. Supply-side ecology and benthic marine assemblages. Trends in Ecol. and Evol. 4, 16-20.

Vance, R.R. 1979. Effects of grazing by the sea urchin, Centrostephanus coronatus, on prey community composition. Ecology 60, 537-546.

Wallentius, I. 1984. Partitioning of nutrient uptake between annual and perennial seaweeds in a Baltic archipelago area. Hydrobiologia 116, 363-370.

Walsh,W.J. 1983. Stability of a coral reef fish community following a catastrophic storm. Coral Reefs 2, 49-63.

Ward, F. 1990. Florida's coral reefs are imperiled. National Geographic, July, 115-132.

Wilkinson, S.B., Zheng, W., Allen, J.R., Fielding, N.J., Wanstall, V.C., Russell, G. & Hawkins, S.J. 1996. Water quality improvements in Liverpool docks: the role of filter feeders in algal and nutrient dynamics. P.S.Z.N.I: Mar. Ecol. 17, 197-211.

Withers, R.G. & Thorp, C.H. 1977. Studies on the shallow, sublittoral epibenthos of Langstone Harbour, Hampshire, using settlement panels. In, Biology of Benthic Organisms (ed B.F. Keegan, P. O'Ceidigh, and P.J.S. Boaden) pp 595-604. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Wood, E. 1989. Channel Tunnel site (Shakespeare Cliff, Kent): Sublittoral monitoring 1989. Report to Eurotunnel/Nature Conservancy Council. (Contractor Dr E. Wood, Basingstoke). Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 1001.

Worsfold, T.M. & Dyer, M.F. 1997. U.K. Marine SACs Project. Monitoring methods workshop at Plymouth (April 1997) and Millport (May 1997). Part 1. Report. (Contractor: Unicomarine, Letchworth). Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

Young, C.M & Chia, F.-S. 1981. Laboratory evidence for delay of larval settlement in response to a dominant competitor. Int. J. invertebr. Reprod. 3, 221-226.