Details are limited to information relevant to
the UK marine habitats and species listed in the
Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive.
[pr] indicates that the paper is from a peer reviewed
journal or report
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Natura 2000 Habitats &
Species
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Fishing Technique
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Effects
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Locations
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Reference
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REF: 81
Harbour porpoise
Bottlenose dolphin
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Gill net
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Assessment of cetacean by-catch in the Irish
and UK set gill net fisheries for hake in
the Celtic Sea over 19 months based on observer
programme. Marine mammal by-catch during the
sampled trips was 43 porpoises and 4 common
dolphins. One porpoise was in a tangle net
the rest in the hake nets. No relationships
were recorded between by-catch rate and water
depth and no significant differences between
hake nets with double or single footropes.
There were significantly higher by-catch rates
during neap tides but no correlation with
sea state during net hauling or with hake
landings. Observations consistent with porpoise
entanglement occurring while net is one the
bottom. By-catch rate was 7.7 porpoises per
10,000 km/hr of net immersion.
Authors conclude that although they cannot
accurately quantify the impact of the set
gill net fishery in the Celtic Sea on harbour
porpoises, there is a serious cause for concern
about the ability of the populations to which
these animals belong to sustain an annual
by-catch of the magnitude indicated by their
study.
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Celtic Sea
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Tregenza N.J.C., (1997) Harbour porpoise
(Phocoena phocoena L.) by-catch in
set gillnets in the Celtic Sea. ICES Journal
of Marine Science 54:896-904.
[PR]
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REF: 82
Shallow inlets and bays
Estuaries
Mudflats and sandflats
Sandbanks
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Aquaculture
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Symposium report with papers dealing with
the physical environment, input of nutrients
and chemicals, benthic enrichment, interactions
between sea trout and other fish species,
seabirds and mammals and aquaculture, the
use of wrasse, the consequences of nitrogen
enrichment and the possible effects of escapees
on wild fish.
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Principally Scottish sea lochs
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Black, K.D. (Ed) (1996) Aquaculture and sea
lochs. Scottish Association for Marine Science.
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REF: 83
Shallow inlets and bays
Estuaries
Mudflats and sandflats
Sandbanks
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Aquaculture
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Review of environmental issues associated
with different types of aquaculture conducted
around the world. Describes different systems
of aquaculture then covers environmental impact
of the facilities (eg. mussel cages and floating
cage farming), and of the use of chemicals
including antibiotics. Sections on waste minimisation,
wastewater treatment systems and environmental
management systems for aquaculture.
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Midlen, A. & Redding, T. (1998) Environmental
Management for Aquaculture. 223ppChapman &
Hall. London
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REF: 84
Reefs
Shallow inlets and bays
Sandbanks
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Potting
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Experimental study on catches and mortality
and 10 simulated lost traps, left in place
for 1 year. During this time 169 crabs (Cancer
magister) were caught, nearly all males,
and about half died. This despite ‘escape
ports’ to allow crabs under the legal minimum
to escape. Study revealed that the traps continue
to attract crabs long after initial bait has
gone, and that catch rates were as high after
1 year as 2 weeks after the start of the study.
Questionnaire survey of crab fishermen in
Fraser River estuary led to estimates of an
annual trap loss rate of 11% leading to estimate
that loss to ghost fishing might be equivalent
in weight to 7% of report catch in the Fraser
River District.
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British Columbia
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Breen, P.A. (1987) Mortality of Dungeness
crabs caught by lost traps in the Fraser River
Estuary, British Columbia. N.Am.J.Fish.Mnt.7:429-435.
[PR]
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REF: 85
Shallow inlets and bays
Sandbanks
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Scallop
dredging
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Scallops (Argopecten irradians)
are found in commercially valuable quantities
almost exclusively in eelgrass meadows (Zostera
marina) in North Carolina. Experimental
dredging studies on hard sand and a soft mud
compared to an area of no dredging showed
a significantly reduced level of eelgrass
biomass and shoot number on both hard and
soft seabed. The seagrass was more susceptible
to damage (all shoots removed) in the latter
case whereas on hard seabed about 15% of the
eelgrass per core remained.
The dredges were pulled by hand rather than
boat as sometimes done by commercial workers
so excluded any effects of propeller scour.
Authors conclude that intensive scallop dredging
has the potential for immediate as well as
long-term reduction of eelgrass nursery habitat.
This was based on observation of biological
damage which reduces surfaces for attachment
for early stage juvenile scallops and other
invertebrates.
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North Carolina, USA
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Fonseca, M.S., et al (1984) Impact
of scallop harvesting on eelgrass (Zostera
marina) meadows:implications for management.
N.Am.J.Fish.Mnt. 4:286-293.
[PR]
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